Chapter 7

HEAT

7.1 Heat as a form of energy

Heat is ________________. The SI unit is __________
When heat energy is supplied to a substance, the _______________

of the substance will _________.

Heat flows from a _________ to a _______ place. This process of
heat transfer will stop when the temperature of the 2 places

become _____________.
Sources of heat:
Burning
Friction
Electricity
The mantle of the Earth

Use of heat:
drying
ironing
cooking
keeping warm

Temperature
Temperature is the________________ of hotness or coldness of an object.
A thermometer is used to measure temperature. The SI unit of temperature
is the _________________ However, the commonly used unit is
______________

__________ substances have ____________________ whereas ________

substances have ____________________ .

 4) The difference between heat and temperature:

Heat

Temperature

A form of energy

A measure of the
hotness or coldness of
an object

Can do work

Cannot do work

SI unit = Joule (J)

SI unit = kelvin (K)

 5) 3 types of thermometers:

Type of
thermometer

Range
temperature

Use

Mercury in glass
laboratory
thermometer

-10 0C and 110 0C

Measures
temperature when
doing experiments

Clinical
thermometer

35 0C and 42 0C

Measures body
temperature

Alcohol in glass
thermometer

-117 0C and 78 0C

Measures very low

temperatures

7.2 The effect

of heat flow
on matter

Matter
Is heated

Is cooled

Particles _______ heat

Particles _______ heat

Particles receive energy

and move _______

The particles lose energy

and move more _______

The distance between

the particles _______

The distance between

the particles _______

The volume of the

matter _______

The volume of the matter

_______

The matter _______

The matter _______

Expansion and Contraction (Solids)

1) A solid _______ when it is heated. It _______ when it is cooled.

2)The expansion of solid can be shown by a metal ball.

 3) Different metals expand at different rates:

Aluminium

Brass
Copper

Iron

expansion
increases

 4) Different metals expand unequally when heated to the same

temperature. This can be explained by heating ______________

Heated

Aluminium
Copper

* When heated, showing that __________ expands more than __________

Heated
Brass
Iron

* When heated, showing that ________ expands more than ______

Expansion and Contraction (Liquids)

1) A liquid _______ when it is heated. It _______ when it is
cooled.
2) Different liquids expands and contract at difference rates
Benzene
Alcohol
Water

Mercury

increases
expand

Expansion and Contraction (gases)

Gases _______ when it is heated and _______ when cooled.
Different gases expands at the same rate.

Transfer of Heat
Heat can be transferred from a hot to a cold place by the
process of
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation

CONDUCTION
1) Conduction is the transfer of heat energy between neighboring

molecules in a substance. It takes place from a region of

___________________ to a region of ________________________________________________
2) When one part of an object is heated, its get hot. The particles there

gain heat energy making them vibrate stronger. They then collide and
pass some heat energy to the neighbouring particles.
Heat transfer
Iron rod

CONVECTION
1) Convection is the transfer of heat in fluids (liquids and gases) carried

out by moving particles.

2) ______fluids become less dense and move upwards.

______ fluids that are denser move down to replace the hot fluids.
3) A convection current is produced.

Convection in liquid

RADIATION
Radiation is the transfer of heat without involving a medium.
Radiation can take place through air space or a ____________.
Radiation heat moves at the speed of _________.
Radiation heat can be absorbed or reflected

Comparison between conduction,

convection and radiation

Medium

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Solid

Fluid (liquid or
gas)

Solid, liquid or gas

/ no medium

Heat is transfer
from particle to
particle through
vibration

Heat is brought
by the heated
particles that
move upwards

Heat moves in the

form of waves in a
straight line

Take place in
Vacuum
Speed

Way heat is
transfer

Heat Flow in Natural Phenomena

1) LAND BREEZE

Land breeze blow during the ______.

At night , the ______ loses heat faster than the ______.

The land become ____________the sea.

The warm air above the surface of the sea (less dense) ______. The
cool air above the land (denser) ______ to the sea

2) SEA BREEZE
Sea breeze blow during the ______.
During the day, the ______heats up faster than the ______.
The air on surface of the land become warm (less dense) and ______
The cooler air over the sea (denser) ______ in to take place of the

warm air.

HEAT CONDUCTOR
Substance that conduct heat are called

__________________.

Some substances conduct heat readily (good heat conductor)

All metal such as iron, magnesium, aluminium and zinc are good

____________ of heat.
Copper
Aluminium
Brass
Zinc
Tin
Iron
Lead

best conductor

Uses of heat conductors

Cooking utensil ( kettles, pots, pans) are

made from metals. Food can be cooked
quickly or water can be boiled quickly.
Mercury in the bulb expands
and contracts easily.

The bottom of an electric iron is

made up of metals so that it can
heat up quickly

HEAT INSULATOR
Substance that conduct heat poorly are called insulators
Non-metal such as glass, wood, cork, air, water and wool are insulators.
Fluids (liquid, gas) are poor conductors of heat.

Uses of heat insulators.

Handles of kettles, irons and

cooking utensils such as pots and
frying pan are made of wood
or plastic

Application of the principle of convection in daily life

Ventilation of building

a. The hot air in the building will flow out through the
ventilation holes at the top.
b. The cold air enters through the holes (windows/door) on the lower
part.
2) Refrigerator

a) Cold air from the freezer compartment at the top moves down
to the lower part of the refrigerators. The hot air is moved up.
3) The cooling system in a car (radiator of the car)

a) The water around the engine becomes hot when the engine
moves. Hot water flows up through the radiator and gets
cooled. The cold water moves down and flows back around the
engine.

7.3 Effect of Heat on Matter

1) Matter exists in solids, liquids and gases. Matter can change from one
state to another.
Eg: Solid can be change to a liquid by heating. (heat absorb)
A liquid state can be change to a solid by cooling. (heat release)
Liquid

Sublimation

Solid

Sublimation

Gas

The change in the state of

matter.
Process
Condensation
Melting
Freezing
Evaporation/Boiling
Sublimation
Sublimation

Change in state

Absorb/ release
heat

CHANGE IN STATE OF MATTER DAILY LIFE

1) Wet clothes when wet clothes dry in the sun, the water in the

clothes evaporate.
2) Puddles of water - After a rain, there are puddles of water on the
ground. When the sun come out, these puddles
evaporate.
3) Ice cubes Ice cube can be prepared by freezing water under low
temperature.
4) Moth ball Moth ball become smaller because of the process of
sublimation.
5) Rainwater - Water vapours in clouds condense to form rainwater.

7.5 : Absorbing and Giving Out Heat

Good heat absorber
and emitter

Bad heat absorber

and emitter