Code-Switching or

Code-Mixing
Ryan Fadli - 112154217
Rifka Mutiara Syifa - 122154208
Yudhi Primadita - 122154210

Definition
Code Switching: The process whereby bilingual
or bi-dialect speakers switch back and forth
between one language or dialect and another
within the same conversation (Trudgill, 2003).
Code Mixing: The process of changing from one
language to the other in the course of a single
utterance (Wardhaugh, 1992).

Differences
Point of View
Grammatical
Items Involved
Base Language

Code Switching Code Mixing

Sentence, Clause Word, Phrase

Topic
Situation

Clear
Formal and
Informal

Clear

Something
unclear
Maintained
More likely
informal

Why do people
code-switch?
Howard Giles (1973) stated that speakers
code-switch in order to either;
a). Associate with the interlocutor, or
b). Dissociate from the interlocutor [example
15 & 16, p. 47]

Participants
- A code-switch maybe related to a
particular participant or addressee.
- The code-switch reflects a change in the
social situation and takes positive account
of the presence of a new participant.

- [example 8, p. 41]

Solidarity
A speaker may similarly switch to another
language as a signal of group membership
and shared ethnicity with an addressee.
Speakers who are not very proficient in a
second language may use brief phrases
and words for this purpose.
[example 9, p. 41]

Tag Switching
An interjection, a tag, or a sentence filler in
the other language which serves as an ethnic
identity marker (usually used at the
beginning or the end of utterance).

[example 9, p. 41]

Status
A switch may also reflect a change in
status relations between people or the
formality of their interaction.

[example 10, p. 42]

Two Kinds of CodeSwitching

Situational Code-Switching = the switch
wherein a change in linguistic form
represents a changed social setting (Blom and
Gumperz).
Metaphorical Code-Switching = The use of
two language varieties within a single social
setting (Blom and Gumperz). [example 17, p.
48 & example 18, p. 49]

Example
Standard Italian -- Sicilian
Io mai l'ho vista una campagna elettorale cos. Neppure nel
quarantotto, che era il dopoguerra, che c'erano... che c'erano
proprio umori tremendi. Mai si era verificato. N'autra cosa
t'ai'a cchidirti, Giovanna.
(I've never seen an electoral campaign like this. Not even in
1948, in the post-war period, when there were... when there
were tremendous emotions. It never happened. I've got
something else to ask you, Giovanna.)A change in topic is an
example of a changed situation that may be marked by codeswitching. The speaker in this example switches from
Standard Italian to the local language, marking the new
situation with a different language.

Functions
Referential = to make bilinguals easier to
discuss particular topics in one code
rather than another (topic 10, p. 44).
[example 11, p. 44 & example 12, p.45]
Affective = to make the interlocutor get
the affective message from the speaker.
[example 13, p. 45]

Code Mixing

According to Muysken (2000), there are

three types of code mixing: insertion,
alternation, and congruent lexicalization.

Insertion
Insertion occurs when lexical items from
one language are incorporated into another.
Example of Insertion (Indonesian/English)
B: Tergantung team, terus juga tergantung
event. (It depends on the team and on the
event.)

Alternation
Alternation occurs when structures of two languages are
alternated indistinctively both at the grammatical and
lexical level.
Example of alternation (English/Spanish)
B: I just have it in my room like a nia bonita como
debe ser.
(I just have it in my room like a girl pretty as it should
be.)
Example of alternation (English/Indonesian)
B: I mean, ganti ke kalimat laen.
(I mean, change it to another sentence.)

Congruent
Lexicalization
The situation where two languages share grammatical
structures which can be filled lexically with elements from
either language.
Congruent lexicalization (Indonesian/English)
B: Gw konek pak e cellp gw.
(I connected using my cell phone
Congruent lexicalization (Indonesian/English)
B: Software gua buat convert file wav jadi mp3 gua uda
expired.
(My software for converting wav files to mp3s has
expired.)

Linguistic
Constraints
- Constraint: something which controls what you do by
keeping you within particular limits (Cambridge
Dictionary).
- Linguistic constraints study and identify not only the
functions or meaning of switches, but also the points at
which switches occur in utterances.
- [see p. 51]
- The points why people switch code are according to
many different factors (which codes are involved, the
functions of the particular switch, and the level of
proficiency in each code of the people switching)