(LTE)

Long Term Evolution

A new Dimension to Wireless
Communication

Applications of GPRS

Web browsing
Corporate & Internet Email
Vehicle Positioning
Remote LAN Access
Home Automation
Document Sharing/Collaborative working

Agenda

Introduction
Network Architecture
System Architecture Evolution
LTE Physical Layer
LTE Layer 2/3
LTE UE Connection management
LTE Network Algorithms
Downlink Transmission Scheme
Uplink Transmission Scheme
OFDM
SF-OFDM
MIMO
LTE-Advanced

3G and LTE Roadmap

Excellent Mobile Broadband Today

Enhanced User Experience

Voice and Full Range of IP Services

Improved voice and data capacity

CDMA2000

1x Advanced

1X
Rev. A

Rel. 0

EV-DO
Rel-99

WCDMA

Rel-5

Rel-6

Phase I

Phase II

EV-DO Rev. B

DO Advanced

Rel-7

Rel-9 & Beyond

Rel-8

HSPA+ (HSPA Evolved)

HSPA

Rel-8

LTE Leverages new,

wider and TDD spectrum

2009

2010

Rel-9

LTE

Rel-10

LTE
Advanced

2011+
Created 01/30/09

Specifying LTE: 3 GPP Specifications

Release

Functional Freeze

Rel-99

Dec 1999

Rel-4
Rel-5

Rel-6

Rel - 7
Rel 8

Main UMTS feature of release

CS and PS
R99 Radio Bearers
MMS
Location Services
March 2000
Basic 3.84 Mcps W-CDMA (FDD & TDD)
March 2001
Enhancements
1.28 Mcps TDD (aka TD-SCDMA)
June 2002
HSDPA
IMS
AMR-WB Speech
March 2005
HSUPA (E-DCH) / Enhanced Uplink
MBMS
WLAN-UMTS Internetworking
Dec 2007
HSPA+ (64 QAM downlink, MIMO, 16 QAM uplink)
LTE and SAE Feasibility Study
Dec 2008
LTE work item OFDMA / SC-FDMA air interface
SAE work item new IP core network
Further
HSPA
/ HSPA2008,
Evolution
January
2008,
Rel-8improvements
approved/December
Rel-8 frozen March 2009,
ASN.1 code ready and backwards compatibility secured

LTE background story

the early days

Work on LTE was initiated as a

3GPP release 7 study item
Evolved UTRA and UTRAN in
December 2004:
With enhancements such as
HSDPA and Enhanced Uplink, the
3GPP radio-access technology will
be highly competitive for several
years. However, to ensure
competitiveness in an even longer
time frame, i.e. for the next 10
years and beyond, a long term
evolution of the 3GPP radio-access
technology needs to be
considered.

LTE background story

the early days

Basic drivers for LTE have been:

Reduced latency
Higher user data rates
Improved system capacity and coverage
Cost-reduction.

3GPP Long Term Evolution - the next generation of

wireless cellular technology beyond 3G
Initiative taken by the 3rd Generation Partnership
Project in 2004
Introduced in Release 8 of 3GPP
Mobile systems likely to be deployed by 2010

LTE Network Architecture

UMTS 3G: UTRAN

GGSN

EPC

MME
S-GW / P-GW

MME
S-GW / P-GW

SGSN

RNC

RNC
eNB

UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

UTRAN : Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
NB: Gateway
NBGPRS Support
NB NodeNB
GGSN
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node
RNC: Radio Network Controller
NB: Node B

EPC ; Evolved Packet Core

eNB
eNB
MME : Mobility Management Entity
E-UTRAN
S-GC : Serving Gateway
P-GW : PDN Gateway
PDN : Packet Data Network
eNB : E-UTRAN Node B / Evolved Node B
E-UTRAN ; Evolved-UTRAN

eNB

Simplified LTE network elements and interfaces

3GPP TS 36.300 Figure 4: Overall Architecture
EPC

MME
S-GW / P-GW

MME
S-GW / P-GW

S1

eNB

eNB

X2
eNB

eNB
E-UTRAN

EPC ; Evolved Packet Core

MME : Mobility Management Entity
S-GC : Serving Gateway
P-GW : PDN Gateway
PDN : Packet Data Network
eNB : E-UTRAN Node B / Evolved Node B
E-UTRAN ; Evolved-UTRAN

eNB = All radio interface-related functions

MME = Manages mobility, UE identity, and
security parameters.
S-GW = Node that terminates the interface
towards E-UTRAN.
P-GW = Node that terminates the interface
towards PDN

Simple Architecture
Flat IP-Based Architecture
Reduction in latency and cost
Split between EPC and E-UTRAN
Compatibility with 3GPP and non-3GPP
technologies

Specifying LTE: LTE Development Lifecycle

LTE Overview

3GPP R8 solution for the next 10 years

Peaks rates: DL 100Mbps with OFDMA, UL 50Mbps with SC-FDMA
Latency for Control-plane < 100ms, for User-plane < 5ms
Optimised for packet switched domain, supporting VoIP
Scaleable RF bandwidth between 1.25MHz to 20MHz
200 users per cell in active state
Supports MBMS multimedia services
Uses MIMO multiple antenna technology
Optimised for 0-15km/h mobile speed and support for up-to 120-350 km/h
No soft handover, Intra-RAT handovers with UTRAN
Simpler E-UTRAN architecture: no RNC, no CS domain, no DCH

3GPP architecture evolution towards flat architecture

Release 6

Release 7
Direct Tunnel

GGSN

SGSN

Release 7
Direct Tunnel and
RNC in NB

GGSN

SGSN

RNC

NB

Control Plane

GGSN

SGSN

Release 8
SAE and LTE
SAE GW

MME

RNC

RNC
NB

NB

User Plane

eNB

Protocol
eNB

E-UTRAN

Inter Cell RRM

MME

RB Cont.

NAS Security

EPC

Connection Mobility Cont.

Idle State Mobility Handling

Radio Admission Cont.

EPS Bearer Cont.

eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)

SAE GW

RRC

S-GW
PDCP
RLC
MAC

Mobile Anchoring

S1

UE IP Address
Allocation
Packet Filtering

PHY
RRM : Radio Resource Management
RB : Radio Bearer
RRC: Radio Resource Control
PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Protocol
RLC : Radio Link Control
MAC : Medium Access Control

P-GW

Internet
NAS : Non Access Stratum
EPS : Evolved Packet System
UE : User Equipment
IP : Internet Protocol

LTE / SAE
LTE has been designed to support only packet switched services, in
contrast to the circuit-switched model of previous cellular systems.
LTE aims to provide seamless Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity between
User Equipment (UE) and the Packet Data Network (PDN), without any
disruption to the end users applications during mobility.

The term LTE encompasses the evolution of the radio access through the
Evolved-UTRAN(E-UTRAN), it is accompanied by an evolution of the nonradio aspects under the term System Architecture Evolution (SAE) which
includes the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network. Together LTE and SAE
comprise the Evolved Packet System (EPS).

EPS = EPC + E-UTRAN

System Architecture Evolution

SAE is a study within 3GPP targeting at the evolution of the
overall system architecture.
Objective is to develop a framework for an evolution or
migration of the 3GPP system to :
a higher-data-rate,
lower-latency,
packet optimized system

that supports multiple radio access technologies.

The focus of this work is on the PS domain with the

assumption that voice services are supported in this domain".
This study includes the vision of an all-IP network.

Why LTE/SAE?
Packet Switched data is becoming more and more dominant
VoIP is the most efficient method to transfer voice data
Need for PS optimised system
Amount of data is continuously growing
Need for higher data rates at lower cost
Users demand better quality to accept new services
High quality needs to be quaranteed

> Alternative solution for non-3GPP technologies (WiMAX)

needed
> LTE will enhance the system to satisfy these requirements.

LTE technical objectives and

architecture
User throughput [/MHz]:
Downlink: 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA
Uplink: 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink

Downlink Capacity: Peak data rate of 100 Mbps in 20 MHz

maximum bandwidth
Uplink capacity: Peak data rate of 50 Mbps in 20 MHz
maximum bandwidth
Latency: Transition time less than 5 ms in ideal conditions
(user plane), 100 ms control plane (fast connection setup)

 Mobility: Optimised for low speed but

supporting 120 km/h
Most data users are less mobile!

Simplified architecture: Simpler E-UTRAN

architecture: no RNC, no CS domain, no DCH
Scalable bandwidth: 1.25MHz to 20MHz:
Deployment possible in GSM bands.

Protocol
eNB

E-UTRAN

Inter Cell RRM

MME

RB Cont.

NAS Security

EPC

Connection Mobility Cont.

Idle State Mobility Handling

Radio Admission Cont.

EPS Bearer Cont.

eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)

SAE GW

RRC

S-GW
PDCP
RLC
MAC

Mobile Anchoring

S1

UE IP Address
Allocation
Packet Filtering

PHY
RRM : Radio Resource Management
RB : Radio Bearer
RRC: Radio Resource Control
PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Protocol
RLC : Radio Link Control
MAC : Medium Access Control

P-GW

Internet
NAS : Non Access Stratum
EPS : Evolved Packet System
UE : User Equipment
IP : Internet Protocol

EPS Network Elements

S6a
S1-MME

LTE-Uu

Gx
MME

S1-U

S-GW

S5 / S8

eNB
UE

E-UTRAN

Rx

P-GW

SGi

Operators
IP Services
(e.g. IMS, PSS, etc,)

EPC

UE, E-UTRAN and EPC together represent the Internet Protocol (IP) Connectivity Layer.
This part of the system is also called the Evolved Packet System (EPS).
The main function of this layer is to provide IP based connectivity, and it is highly optimized for that purpose
only.
All services will be offered on top of IP, and circuit switched nodes and interfaces seen in earlier 3GPP
architectures are not present in E-UTRAN and EPC at all.
IP technologies are also dominant in the transport, where everything is designed to be operated on top of IP
transport.

System architecture for E-UTRAN only network

Services
The IP Multimedia Sub-System
(IMS) is a good example of service
machinery that can be used in the
Services Connectivity Layer to
provide services on top of the IP
connectivity provided by the
lower layers.
For example, to support the voice
service, IMS can provide Voice
over IP (VoIP) and
interconnectivity to legacy circuit
switched networks PSTN and
ISDN through Media Gateways it
controls.

EPC

One of the big architectural changes in the

core network area is that the EPC does
not contain a circuit switched domain, and
no direct connectivity to traditional circuit
switched networks such as ISDN or PSTN
is needed in this layer.

Functionally the EPC is equivalent to the packet

switched domain of the existing 3GPP networks.
Significant changes in the arrangement of functions
and most nodes and the architecture in this part
should be considered to be completely new.
SAE GW represents the combination of the two
gateways, Serving Gateway (S-GW) and Packet Data
Network Gateway (P-GW) defined for the UP
handling in EPC.
Implementing them together as the SAE GW
represents one possible deployment scenario, but
the standards define the interface between them,
and all operations have also been specified for
when they are separate.
The Basic System Architecture Configuration and its
functionality are documented in 3GPP TS 23.401.
We will learn the operation when the S5/S8
interface uses the GTP protocol. However, when
the S5/S8 interface uses PMIP, the functionality for
these interfaces is slightly different, and the Gxc
interface also is needed between the Policy and
Charging Resource Function (PCRF) and S-GW.

E-UTRAN
The development in E-UTRAN is
concentrated on one node, the
evolved Node B (eNodeB).
All radio functionality is collapsed
there, i.e. the eNodeB is the
termination point for all radio
related protocols.
As a network, E-UTRAN is simply
a mesh of eNodeBs connected to
neighbouring eNodeBs with the
X2 interface.

User Equipment

Functionally the UE is a platform for communication

applications, which signal with the network for setting
up, maintaining and removing the communication links
the end user needs.
This includes mobility management functions such as
handovers and reporting the terminals location, and in
these the UE performs as instructed by the network.

UE is the device that the end user uses for

communication.
Typically it is a hand held device such as a smart
phone or a data card such as those used
currently in 2G and 3G, or it could be
embedded, e.g. to a laptop.
UE also contains the Universal Subscriber
Identity Module (USIM) that is a separate
module from the rest of the UE, which is often
called the Terminal Equipment (TE).
USIM is an application placed into a removable
smart card called the Universal Integrated
Circuit Card (UICC).
USIM is used to identify and authenticate the
user and to derive security keys for protecting
the radio interface transmission.
Maybe most importantly, the UE provides the
user interface to the end user so that
applications such as a VoIP client can be used to
set up a voice call.

Logical High Level Architecture

for The Evolved System
GERAN

GB
GPRS Core

UTRAN

Iu

SGSN

Rx+

S4

S6

Operators
IP Services
(e.g. IMS, PSS, etc,)

S7

S3
IASA
eNB

eNB
eNB
eNB
Evolved RAN (LTE)

S1

MME
3GPP
SAE
S2b
UPE S5a anchor S5b anchor
EPC (SAE)
Trusted non 3GPP
IP Access

S2a

EPDG

SGi
WLAN 3GPP
IP Access
WLAN
Access Network

EPS uses the concept of EPS bearers to route IP traffic from a gateway in the PDN to
the UE.
A bearer is an IP packet flow with a defined Quality of Service (QoS) between the
gateway and the UE.
The E-UTRAN and EPC together set up and release bearers as required by applications.

SAE Bearer Model

QoS parameters for QCI

System architecture for 3GPP access networks

Interfaces and Protocols

in Basic System Architecture Configuration
CP protocols related to a UEs connection to a PDN. The
interfaces from a single MME are shown in two parts, the one
on top showing protocols towards the E-UTRAN and UE, and
the bottom one showing protocols towards the gateways.
Those protocols that are shown in white background are
developed by 3GPP, while the protocols with light grey
background are developed in IETF, and represent standard
internet technologies that are used for transport in EPS. 3GPP
has only defined the specific ways of how these protocols are
used.

LTE Protocol Stacks (UE and eNB)

RRC: Radio Resource Control

Control-Plane

User-Plane

RLC : Radio Link Control

L3

RRC

Radio Bearers

L2

PDCP
RLC

Logical Channels
MAC

Transport Channels

L1

PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Protocol

PHY:

Physical Channels
Physical Signals

MAC : Medium Access Control

PHY : Physical Layer

Control plane protocol stack in EPS

The topmost layer in the CP is the Non-Access Stratum (NAS), which consists of two
separate protocols that are carried on direct signaling transport between the UE
and the MME.
The content of the NAS layer protocols is not visible to the eNodeB, and the eNodeB is
not involved in these transactions by any other means, besides transporting the
messages, and providing some additional transport layer indications along with the
messages in some cases.

NAS layer protocols

The NAS layer protocols are:
EPS Mobility Management (EMM): The EMM protocol is responsible for handling
the UE mobility within the system. It includes functions for attaching to and
detaching from the network, and performing location updating in between. This is
called Tracking Area Updating (TAU), and it happens in idle mode. Note that the
handovers in connected mode are handled by the lower layer protocols, but the
EMM layer does include functions for re-activating the UE from idle mode. The UE
initiated case is called Service Request, while Paging represents the network
initiated case. Authentication and protecting the UE identity, i.e. allocating the
temporary identity GUTI to the UE are also part of the EMM layer, as well as the
control of NAS layer security functions, encryption and integrity protection.
EPS Session Management (ESM): This protocol may be used to handle the bearer
management between the UE and MME, and it is used in addition for E-UTRAN
bearer management procedures. Note that the intention is not to use the ESM
procedures if the bearer contexts are already available in the network and EUTRAN procedures can be run immediately. This would be the case, for example,
when the UE has already signaled with an operator affiliated. Application Function
in the network, and the relevant information has been made available through the
PCRF.

User plane protocol stack in EPS

The UP includes the layers below the end user IP, i.e. these protocols form the Layer 2
used for carrying the end user IP packets.
The protocol structure is very similar to the CP.
This highlights the fact that the whole system is designed for generic packet data
transport, and both CP signaling and UP data are ultimately packet data. Only the
volumes are different.

Summary of interfaces and protocols in Basic

System Architecture configuration

LTE Physical Layer

Enables exchange of data & control info between eNB and UE
and also transport of data to and from higher layers
Functions performed include error detection, FEC, MIMO
antenna processing, synchronization, etc.
It consists of Physical Signals and Physical Channels
Physical Signals are used for system synchronization, cell
identification and channel estimation.
Physical Channels for transporting control, scheduling and
user payload from the higher layers
OFDMA in the DL, SC-FDMA in the UL
LTE supports FDD and TDD modes of operation

Channel Mapping
DTCH

PCCH

BCCH

CCCH

DCCH

MTCH

MCCH

PCH

BCH

DL-SCH

MCH

PDSCH

PBCH

PMCH

PDCCH

Downlink

Logical
Channels

CCCH

Transport
Channels
(MAC)

Physical
Channels
(L1)

DCCH

RACH

PRACH

DTCH

UL-SCH

PUSCH

Uplink

PUCCH

LTE Physical Signals

DL Signals
PSCH

SSCH

RS

Primary Synchronization
Signals

Secondary Synchronization
Signals

Reference Signal
(Pilot)

Used for cell search and identification by the UE.

Carries part of cell ID (one of three orthogonal
sequences).
Used for cell search and identification by the UE.
Carries the remainder of cell ID (one of 168 binary
sequences).
Used for DL channels estimation.
Extract sequence derived from cell ID (one of 3 X 168
504 pseudo random sequences)

UL Signals
RS

Reference Signal
(Demodulation and Sounding)

Used for synchronization and UP channels

estimations.

LTE Physical Channels

DL Channels
PBCH

Physical broadcast channel

Carries cell-specific information

PMCH

Physical multicast channel

Carries the MCH transport channel

PDCCH

Physical downlink control channel

Scheduling, ACK, NACK

PDSCH

Physical downlink shared channel

Payload

PCFICH Physical
channel
PHICH

control format indicator

Physical hybrid ARQ indicator

channel

Defines number of PDCH OFDMA symbols per subframe (1, 2, or 3)

Carries HARQ ACK/NACK

UL Channels
PRACH

Physical random access channel

Call setup

PUCCH Physical uplink control channel

Scheduling, ACK, NACK

PUSCH

Payload

Physical uplink shared channel

LTE Transport Channels

Physical layer transport channels offer information transfer to
medium access control (MAC) and higher layers.
DL Channels
BCH
DL-SCH

Broadcast Channel
Downlink Shared Channel

PCH

Paging Channel

MCH

Multicast Channel

UL Channels
UL-SCH
RACH

Uplink Shared Channel

Random Access Channel

LTE Logical Channels

Logical channels are offered by the MAC layer.
Control Channels: Control-plane information
BCCH

Broadcast Control Channel

PCCH

Paging Control Channel

CCCH

Common Control Channel

MCCH

Multicast Control Channel

DCCH

Dedicated Control Channel

Traffic Channels: User-plane information

DTTCH

Dedicated Traffic Channel

MTCH

Multicast Traffic Channel

Major requirements for LTE

identified during study item phase in 3GPP
Higher peak data rates: 100 Mbps (downlink) and 50 Mbps (uplink)
Improved spectrum efficiency: 2-4 times better compared to 3GPP release 6
Improved latency:
Radio access network latency (user plane UE RNC - UE) below 10 ms
Significantly reduced control plane latency

Support of scalable bandwidth: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz

Support of paired and unpaired spectrum (FDD and TDD mode)
Support for interworking with legacy networks
Cost-efficiency:
Reduced CApital and OPerational EXpenditures (CAPEX, OPEX) including
backhaul
Cost-effective migration from legacy networks

A detailed summary of requirements has been captured in 3GPP TR 25.913

Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN).

3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)

3GPP (LTE) is Adopting:

OFDMA in DL with 64QAM

All IP e2e Network
Channel BWs up to 20 MHz
Both TDD and FDD profiles
Flexible Access Network
Advanced Antenna Technologies
UL: Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), (64QAM optional)

LTE is adopting technology & features already available with

Mobile WiMAX
Can expect similar long-term performance benefits and trade-offs

Comparing the End-to-End Network

LTE/SAE User Plane & Data Flow
Multiple layers, Many nodes and
proprietary protocols

Application

e.g. IP,
PPP

Relay

Relay
PDCP

PDCP

GTP - U

RLC

RLC

UDP/IP

MAC

MAC

L2

L1

L1

L1

UE/MS

LTE-Uu

e.g. IP,
PPP

E-UTRAN

GTP - U

GTP - U

GTP - U

UDP/IP

UDP/IP

L2

L2

L2

L1

L1

L1

UDP/IP

S1-U

Serving GW

S5

PDN GW

SGi

Mobile WiMAX User Plane & Data Flow

Based on simple IETF protocols, Fewer nodes & fewer
device requirements, Optimized for high speed data

Source: LTE/SAE: 3GPP, Mobile WiMAX: WiMAX Forum Network Specification Release 1.0

LTE: Not a Simple 3G Upgrade

LTE Represents a Major Upgrade from CDMABased HSPA (or EV-DO)

No longer a simple SW upgrade:
CDMA to OFDMA, represent different technologies
Circuit switched to IP e2e network

Also requires new spectrum to take full advantage

of wider channel BWs and
Requires dual-mode user devices for seamless
internetwork connectivity

LTE Key Parameters

Modulation
QPSK, 16 QAM and 64

QAM used for the

payload channels
(spectrally efficient)
BPSK and QPSK used
for the control
channels (Reliability
and coverage)

Adaptive modulation
and coding

Requirements to be met by LTE

Fast, Efficient, Cheap, Simple

Peak Data Rates

Spectrum efficiency
Reduced Latency
Mobility

Spectrum flexibility
Coverage
Low complexity and cost

Interoperability
Simple packet-oriented E-UTRAN architecture

Key LTE radio access features

LTE radio access: Multicarrier Technology

Downlink: OFDM
Uplink: SC-FDMA

OFDMA
SC-FDMA

Advanced antenna solutions: Multiple Antenna Technology

Diversity
Beam-forming
Multi-layer transmission (MIMO)

Three fundamental benefits of multiple antennas:

(a) diversity gain; (b) array gain; (c) spatial multiplexing gain.

TX

TX

Key LTE radio access features

Spectrum flexibility

1.4 MHz

Packet-Switched Radio Interface

1G

Flexible bandwidth
New and existing bands
Duplex flexibility: FDD and TDD

Analog

2G

Digital

3G

Packets

User Equipment Capabilities

4G

True
Broadband

20 MHz

Key Radio Technologies to Watch

Spectrum flexibility

Ultra-Wideband (UWB) range 1 meter

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
Advanced Radio Chipsets for handsets and
dongles that incorporate MIMO
Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS)
Smart networks (sector load balancing,
spatial/freq/time load balancing, self-tuning,
dynamic resource management)
Network MIMO & Heterogeneous
Deployment (Pico+Micro+Femto)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
(OFDM) < [xDSL, WiMAX, WiFi 802.11a,g; LTE]
Spectrum Flexibility
Reconfigurable Radios (SDRs), Base
stations, and CPE
Cognitive radios

Flexibility in band-of-operation
Flexibility in bandwidth
Dynamic Spectrum Usage and Reconfigurable radios and
cognitive radios?
Flexibility in duplexing

TDD versus FDD

Source: IDC, Ericsson

Band X

Band Y

Band Z

20 MHz

+
FDD

TDD
fDL/UL

fDL
fUL
Paired spectrum

Unpaired spectrum

An SDR is a radio that includes a transmitter in which the

operating parameters of frequency range, modulation type or
maximum output power (either radiated or conducted) can be
altered by making a change in software without making any
changes to hardware components that affect the radio frequency
emissions
FCC Definition

Technology
Mobile Broadband speed evolution
Future LTE releases

LTE

True
Mobile
Broadband

HSPA+
Market impact
Peak rate
Typical user rate downlink
Typical user rate uplink

2009

2010

~2014

42 Mbps

~150 Mbps

~1000 Mbps

1-10 Mbps

10-100 Mbps

Operator dependent

0.5-4.5 Mbps

5-50 Mbps

Operator dependent

Excellent user and network experience

Evolution of UMTS FDD and TDD

driven by data rate and latency requirements

FDD Bands for 3GPP Technologies

FDD Frequency band

TDD Bands for 3GPP Technologies

LTE radio interface

New radio interface modulation: SC-FDMA UL and

OFDMA DL
Frequency division, TTI 1 ms
Scalable bandwidth 1.25-20MHz
TDD and FDD modes
UL/DL in either in same or in another frequncy

OFDMA has multiple orthogonal subcarries that can be

shared between users
quickly adjustable bandwith per user

SC-FDMA is technically similar to OFDMA but is better

suited for uplink from hand-held devices
Single carrier, time space multiplexing
Tx consumes less power

From Ericsson, H. Djuphammar

LTE/SAE Keywords
aGW Access Gateway

eNB

Evolved NodeB

EPC

Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN

Evolved UTRAN

IASA Inter-Access System Anchor

LTE

Long Term Evolution of UTRAN

MME Mobility Management Entity

OFDMA

Ortogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

SC-FDMA

Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

SAE

System Architecture Evolution

UPE

User Plane Entity

3GPP TR 23.401 / 25.813

Network Entities:
MME ID
eNB ID
TAI

Network:
PLMN
EPS ID

LTE/SAE
Network
Identifiers
EUTRAN:

UE:

E-UTRAN
C-RNTI
RA-RNTI

IMEI
IMSI
S-TMSI

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

EPS Evolved Packet System
MME Mobility Management Entity
eNBE-UTRAN Node B
TAI -Tracking Area ID
E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Radio Access
Network
C-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary
Identifier
RA-RNTI Random Access RNTI
UE User Equipment
IMEI International Mobile Equipment
Identity
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber
Identity
S-TMSI SAE Temporary Mobile Subscriber
Identity

System architecture evolution

RAN interfaces
X2 interface between eNBs for
handovers
Handover in 10 ms
No soft handovers
Interfaces using IP over
E1/T1/ATM/Ethernet /
Load sharing in S1
S1 divided to S1-U (to UPE) and
S1-C (to CPE)
Single node failure has limited
effects

S1
eNB

aGW
X2
S8
eNB
aGW
X2

eNB

SAE architecture
[3GPP TS 23.401]
GERAN

Iu

UTRAN

PCRF

HSS

Gb
GPRS Core

S6

Rx+
S7

X1

S3

eNB

X1

X2

S1

MME UPE

S4

S11

Evolved RAN

S5

PDN
SAE GW

aGW
Evolved Packet Core

eNB

SAE
GW

SGi

S2

Non-3GPP IP Access

Operator IP
services
(including IMS,
PSS, ...)

SAE architechture
[3GPP TS 23.401]
TBD
HSS

PCRF

S1

S7

S6a

eNB

TBD

aGW

S11

S5
SAE GW

X2

PDN
SAE GW

IASA

S8

SGi
eNB

S11
aGW

TBD

eNB

Evolved RAN

aGW = MME/UPE

Operator IP
service, including
IMS

Functions of eNB

Terminates RRC, RLC and MAC protocols and takes care of Radio Resource
Management functions

Controls radio bearers

Controls radio admissions
Controls mobility connections
Allocates radio resources dynamically (scheduling)
Receives measurement reports from UE

Selects MME at UE attachment

Schedules and transmits paging messages coming from MME
Schedules and transmits broadcast information coming from MME & O&M
Decides measurement report configuration for mobility and scheduling
Does IP header compression and encryption of user data streams

Functions of aGW
Takes care of Mobility Management Entity (MME) functions

Manages and stores UE context

Generates temporary identities and allocates them to UEs
Checks authorization
Distributes paging messages to eNBs
Takes care of security protocol
Controls idle state mobility
Control SAE bearers
Ciphers & integrity protects NAS signaling

 Takes care of User Plane Entity (UPE) functions

Terminates for idle state UEs the downlink data path and
triggers/initiates paging when downlink data arrive for the UE.
Manages and stores UE contexts, e.g. parameters of the IP bearer
service or network internal routing information.
Switches user plane for UE mobility
Terminates user plane packets for paging reasons

Functions
eNB
Inter Cell RRM
RB Cont.

aGW

Connection Mobility Cont.

Control Plane

Radio Admission Cont.

SAE Bearer Control

eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision

MME Entity

Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)
RRC

User Plane

PDCP
RLC
MAC

S1

PHY
RRM : Radio Resource Management
RB : Radio Bearer
RRC: Radio Resource Control
PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Protocol
RLC : Radio Link Control
MAC : Medium Access Control

PDCP
User Plane

LTE Control Plane

UE

eNB

aGW

NAS

NAS

S1

RRC

RRC

PDCP

PDCP

RLC

RLC

MAC

MAC

PHY

PHY

LTE User Plane

eNB

UE

aGW

IP

IP

PDCP

PDCP

RLC

RLC

MAC

MAC

PHY

PHY

S1

GTP-U tunneling
Header compression
& encryption

UE

X1

eNB

UPE

S1

S11

SAE GW S5

PDN

SGi

Server

SAE GW
Application

Application

TCP/UDP u

IPv6/v4

PDCP
RLC

TCP/UDP

ENC
PDCP GTP-U
RLC
MAC UDP

MAC

Radio L1

Radio
L1

IPv6/v4
GTP-U GTP-U

GTP-U GTP-U

GTP-U

UDP

UDP

UDP

UDP

UDP

IP

IP

IP

IP

IP

IP

L2

L2

L2

L2

L2

L2

L1

L1

L1

L1

L1

L1

L2

L2

L2

L1

L1

L1

Non-3GPP access tunneling

Server

PDN

AP

UE

S2

WLAN

SAE GW
HA

SGi
Application

TCP/UDP

IPv4/6

IPv4/6

MIP
UDP

MIP
UDP

IP

IP

L2

L2

L2

L1

L1

L1

IP

IP

IP

IP

L2

L2

L2

L2

L1

L1

L1

L1

IPv6/v4

LTE Frame Structure (Downlink)

LTE Frame Structure Type I (FDD)

LTE Frame Structure Type II (TDD)

FDD (left) and TDD (right) frequency bands defined in the 3GPP
(May 2009)

Downlink Transmission Scheme

The downlink transmission scheme for E-UTRA FDD and TDD
modes is based on conventional OFDM. In an OFDM system,
the available spectrum is divided into multiple carriers, called
sub-carriers, which are orthogonal to each other. Each of
these sub-carriers is independently modulated by a low rate
data stream.
OFDM is used as well in WLAN, WiMAX and broadcast
technologies like DVB. OFDM has several benefits including its
robustness against multipath fading and its efficient receiver
architecture.

OFDM
Single Carrier Transmission (e.g. WCDMA)

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDM signal generation chain

OFDM signal generation is based on Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform (IFFT) operation on transmitter side:

On receiver side, an FFT operation will be used.

Difference between OFDM and OFDMA

OFDM allocates users in time
domain only

OFDMA allocates users in time

and frequency domain

LTE downlink conventional OFDMA

Frequency-Time Representation of an OFDM Signal

LTE provides QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM as downlink modulation schemes

Cyclic prefix is used as guard interval, different configurations possible:
Normal cyclic prefix with 5.2 Os (first symbol) / 4.7 Os (other symbols)
Extended cyclic prefix with 16.7 Os
15 kHz subcarrier spacing
Scalable bandwidth

Frequency and Time Domain Representation

Frequency

Time

OFDMA time-frequency multiplexing

OFDMA transmitter and receiver

LTE spectrum flexibility

LTE physical layer supports any bandwidth from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz in
steps of 180 kHz (resource block)
Current LTE specification supports a subset of 6 different system
bandwidths
All UEs must support the maximum bandwidth of 20 MHz

Generic frame structure in E-UTRA downlink

For the generic frame structure frame structure, the 10 ms
radio frame is divided into 20 equally sized slots of 0.5 ms.
A sub-frame consists of two consecutive slots, so one radio
frame contains 10 sub-frames.

Downlink Resource Grid

The available downlink bandwidth consists of NDLBW subcarriers with a spacing of f = 15 kHz. In case of multi cell
MBMS transmission,
a sub-carrier spacing of f = 7.5 kHz is also possible.
NDLBW can vary in order to allow for scalable bandwidth
operation up to 20 MHz. Initially, the bandwidths for LTE
were explicitly defined within layer 1 specifications.
Later on a bandwidth agnostic layer 1 was introduced, with
NDLBW for the different bandwidths to be specified by 3GPP
RAN4 to meet performance requirements, e.g. for out-ofband emission requirements and regulatory emission limits

The LTE downlink physical resource based on

OFDM

Parameters for downlink generic frame structure

Downlink Data Transmission

The user data is carried on the Physical
Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH).
Downlink control signaling on the Physical
Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) is used to
convey the scheduling decisions to individual
UEs.
The PDCCH is located in the first OFDM
symbols of a slot.

Downlink Reference Signal Structure and Cell Search

The downlink reference signal structure is

important for cell search, channel estimation
and neighbor cell monitoring.
The reference signal sequence carries the cell
identity.

Downlink reference signal structure

P-SCH and S-SCH

Besides the reference symbols, synchronization signals are therefore
needed during cell search.
E-UTRA uses a hierarchical cell search scheme similar to WCDMA.
This means that the synchronization acquisition and the cell group
identifier are obtained from different SCH signals.
Thus, a primary synchronization signal (P-SCH) and a secondary
synchronization signal (S-SCH) are defined with a pre-defined structure.
They are transmitted on the 72 centre sub-carriers (around DC sub-carrier)
within the same predefined slots (twice per 10 ms) on different resource
elements

P-SCH and S-SCH structure

CCPCH
As additional help during cell search, a
Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH) is
available which carries BCH type of
information, e.g. system bandwidth.
It is transmitted at pre-defined time instants
on the 72 subcarriers centered around DC subcarrier.

Downlink Physical Layer Procedures

Cell search and synchronization:
Scheduling: Scheduling is done in the base station (eNodeB). The downlink
control channel PDCCH informs the users about their allocated time/frequency
resources and the transmission formats to use. The scheduler evaluates
different types of information, e.g. Quality of Service parameters,
measurements from the UE, UE capabilities, buffer status.
Link Adaptation: Link adaptation is already known from HSDPA as Adaptive
Modulation and Coding. Also in E-UTRA, modulation and coding for the shared
data channel is not fix, but it is adapted according to radio link quality. For this
purpose, the UE regularly reports Channel Quality Indications (CQI) to the
eNodeB.
Hybrid ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request): Downlink Hybrid ARQ is also known
from HSDPA. It is a retransmission protocol. The UE can request
retransmissions of incorrectly received data packets.

DL Physical Channel Processing

LTE frame structure type 1 (FDD), downlink

LTE frame structure type 2 (TDD)

Uplink Transmission Scheme

During the study item phase of LTE, alternatives for the
optimum uplink transmission scheme were investigated.
While OFDMA is seen optimum to fulfil the LTE requirements
in downlink, OFDMA properties are less favorable for the
uplink. This is mainly due to weaker peak-to-average power
ratio (PAPR) properties of an OFDMA signal, resulting in worse
uplink coverage.

Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA)

Thus, the LTE uplink transmission scheme for FDD and TDD mode is based on SCFDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) with cyclic prefix.
SC-FDMA signals have better PAPR properties compared to an OFDMA signal.
This was one of the main reasons for selecting SCFDMA as LTE uplink access
scheme.
The PAPR characteristics are important for cost-effective design of UE power
amplifiers.
Still, SC-FDMA signal processing has some similarities with OFDMA signal
processing, so parameterization of downlink and uplink can be harmonized.

How to generate SC-FDMA

DFT pre-coding is performed on modulated data symbols to transform them into

frequency domain,
Sub-carrier mapping allows flexible allocation of signal to available sub-carriers,
IFFT and cyclic prefix (CP) insertion as in OFDM,

Each subcarrier carries a portion of superposed DFT spread data symbols,

therefore SC-FDMA is also referred to as DFT-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM).

How does a SC-FDMA signal look like

Similar to OFDM signal, but
in OFDMA, each sub-carrier only carries information related to one
specific symbol,
in SC-FDMA, each sub-carrier contains information of ALL transmitted
symbols.

OFDMA and SC-FDMA

Why does SC-FDMA have a low

PAPR?

OFDMA
Parallel Transmission
Multi carrier structure
Increase in M =>
high PAPR
SC-FDMA
Serial Transmission
Each symbol
represented by a
wide signal DFT spreads
symbols over all subcarriers
PAPR not affected by
increase in M

Both occupy the same bandwidth with same symbol durations

SC-FDMA in comparison with

OFDMA and DS-CDMA/FDE

SC-FDMA signal generation

Localized vs. distributed FDMA

Uplink Slot Structure

Parameters for uplink generic structure

Uplink Data Transmission

In uplink, data is allocated in multiples of one resource block.
Uplink resource block size in the frequency domain is 12 subcarriers, i.e. the same as in downlink.
However, not all integer multiples are allowed in order to
simplify the DFT design in uplink signal processing.
Only factors 2,3, and 5 are allowed.
The uplink transmission time interval is 1 ms (same as
downlink).

PUSCH and PUCCH

User data is carried on the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) that is
determined by the transmission bandwidth NTx and the frequency
hopping pattern k0.
The Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) carries uplink control
information, e.g. CQI reports and ACK/NACK information related to data
packets received in the downlink. The PUCCH is transmitted on a reserved
frequency region in the uplink.

Uplink Reference Signal Structure

Uplink reference signals are used for two different purposes:
on the one hand, they are used for channel estimation in the
eNodeB receiver in order to demodulate control and data
channels.
On the other hand, the reference signals provide channel
quality information as a basis for scheduling decisions in the
base station. The latter purpose is also called channel
sounding.
The uplink reference signals are based on CAZAC (Constant
Amplitude Zero Auto-Correlation) sequences.

UL Physical Channel Processing

Cell Search
Cell search: Mobile terminal or user equipment (UE) acquires time and
frequency synchronization with a cell and detects the cell ID of that cell.
Based on BCH (Broadcast Channel) signal and hierarchical SCH
(Synchronization Channel) signals.

P-SCH (Primary-SCH) and S-SCH (Secondary-SCH) are transmitted twice

per radio frame (10 ms) for FDD.

Cell search procedure

1. 5 ms timing identified using P-SCH.
2. Radio timing and group ID found from S-SCH.
3. Full cell ID found from DL RS.
4. Decode BCH.

Spatial Multiplexing

Spatial multiplexing allows to transmit different streams of data simultaneously on the same
downlink resource block(s).
These data streams can belong to one single user (single user MIMO / SU-MIMO) or to
different users (multi user MIMO / MU-MIMO).
While SU-MIMO increases the data rate of one user, MU-MIMO allows to increase the overall
capacity.
Spatial multiplexing is only possible if the mobile radio channel allows it.

LTE MIMO concept

Multiple Antenna Schemes in LTE

In DL : Tx diversity, Rx diversity, Spatial
multiplexing (2x2,4x2 configurations SUMIMO and MU-MIMO) supported
In UL : Only 1 Transmitter (antenna selection
Tx diversity ), MU-MIMO possible, Rx diversity
with 2 or 4 antennas at eNB supported

MIMO Configurations
MIMO

Single base

Co-located
antennas
SU-MIMO,
MU-MIMO

Distributed
antennas

Macroscopic
MIMO

Multiple bases
(Network MIMO)

Noncoherent
Coherent
(Magnitude only) (Magnitude/phase)
Collaborative
MIMO

Coherent Network
MIMO

MIMO Configurations

x 10

Used here

Next improvement step

MU-MIMO or SU-MIMO
only

Combination of
MU-MIMO

4 Tx, 2 Rx

4 Tx, 4 Rx
8 Tx (4*2 xpol.), 2 Rx
8 Tx, 4 Rx

MRC receiver

IRC receiver

No sector coord.

Sector coordination

"spectral efficiency" vs cell border TP

5-percentile Throughput in bit/s

7
6
1x2

2x2 SU MIMO
(PARC + TxDiv)

2x2 GoB
4x2 GoB
4x2 SU MIMO

4x2 GoB + SDMA

2
1
0

0.5

1
1.5
bit/s/Hz/sector

2.5

SU-MIMO and

LTE Throughput in Various Modes

Downlink average bitrates

2.6 GHz with 20MHz BW, 2x2 MIMO, 2 x 20W, pc cards
95 Mbps

45 Mbps

9%

43%

 LTE doesnt fulfill the requirements of

IMT-Advanced
3GPP has also started work on LTEAdvanced, an evolution of LTE, as a
proposal to ITU-R for the development of
IMT Advanced.
LTE Advanced is envisioned to be the
first true 4G technology.
The requirement is defined so that a Release 8 based LTE device can
operate in the LTE-Advanced system and, respectively, the Release 10
LTE Advanced device can access the Release 8 LTE networks.
Obviously a Release 9 terminal would also be similarly
accommodated. This could be covered, for example, with the
multicarrier type of alternative. The mobility between LTE-Advanced
needs to work with LTE as well as GSM/EDGE, HSPA and cdma2000.

Requirements of
Peak data rates 1Gbps in DL and 500 Mbps in UL
Cell edge user data rates twice as high and average user throughput thrice
as high as in LTE
Peak spectrum efficiency DL: 30 bps/Hz, UL: 15 bps/Hz
Operate in flexible spectrum allocations up to 100 MHz and support
spectrum aggregation (as BW in DL >>20 MHz)
An LTE-Advanced capable network must appear as a LTE network for the
LTE UEs

Resource sharing between LTE

and LTE-Advanced

Technological proposals for

Larger BW can be used for
high date rates and more
coverage at cell edges
Advanced repeater
structures
Relaying for adaptive coding
based on link quality

Carrier aggregation and

Spectrum aggregation

Support asymmetric bandwidths

for LTE advanced

Specification
The ITU-R process aims for early 2011 completion of the ITU-R
specifications, which requires 3GPP to submit the first full set
of specifications around the end of 2010.
This is one of the factors shaping the Release 10 finalization
schedule, though officially the Release 10 schedule has not
yet been defined in 3GPP, but will be discussed further once
Release 9 work has progressed further.

Conclusion
3GPP Long Term Evolution has a large amount of potential to
become the technology of the future whose success will
definitely guarantee that 3GPP has a significant edge over all
its competitors.
With LTEAdvanced also adopting SC-FDMA as the uplink
technology, SC-FDMA seems to be an important future
technology and it is expected that the future would see a lot
of research activity in this field.

LTE and LTE Advanced together seem to be very promising in

fulfilling all the requirements set forth by ITU for IMT
Advanced

Thank You
hadiy@telkom.co.id

hamdani2@telkom.co.id

THANK YOU