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bearing pressure

it is the pressure along the bottom of the foundation.

various research and field measurements have shown that bearing

pressure might not necessarily uniformly distributed underneath the


foundation.
its distribution is influenced by several factors including:

eccentricity of the applied load, if any


magnitude of applied moment, if any
structural rigidity of the foundation
stress-strain behavior of the soil

Distribution of bearing pressure


rigid foundations have non
uniform stress distribution
but uniform settlements.

flexible foundations have


uniform stress distribution
but
non
uniform
settlements.

spread footings in real life


is close to being perfectly
rigid.
Whereas
mat
foundations
are
more
flexible
than
spread
footings.

Bearing Pressure
the bearing pressure (q) at the bottom of a shallow foundation is:

P: vertical column load,


Wf: weight of foundation including the weight of soil above the
foundation. Shallow foundations are made of reinforced concrete, use
gconc=23.6 kN/m3 .

A: base area of the foundation,


uD: pore water pressure at the bottom of the foundation (D is the depth
from ground surface to the bottom of the foundation). This term
accounts for the uplift pressure due to bouyancy.

Bearing Pressure for continuous footings

Example 5.2 from Coduto (p.157)


A 0.7m wide continuous footing supports a wall load of
110kN/m. The bottom of this footing is at a depth of 0.5m
below the adjacent ground surface and the soil has a unit
weight of 17.5kN/m3. The gwt is at a depth of 10m below the
ground surface. Compute the bearing pressure.

Example 5.2 from Coduto (p.157)


A 0.7m wide continuous footing supports a wall load of 110kN/m. The
bottom of this footing is at a depth of 0.5m below the adjacent ground
surface and the soil has a unit weight of 17.5kN/m3. The gwt is at a depth
of 10m below the ground surface. Compute the bearing pressure.

Example 5.3 from Coduto (p.159)


The mat foundation shown below is 50m wide, 70m long, and
1.8m thick. The sum of the column and wall loads is 805MN.
Compute the average bearing pressure, then compare it with the
initial vertical effective stress in the soil immediately below the mat.

Foundations with eccentric or moment loads


in general, vertical load (P) acts through the centroid of

foundations, hence assumed to generate fairly uniform distribution


of bearing pressure.
but sometimes, either vertical load may not act through the

centroid or there exist moment on the foundation causing


nonuniform distribution of bearing pressure.

Foundations with eccentric or moment loads


for Fig. a
if spread footing:
if continuous footing:

for Fig. b
if spread footing:
if continuous footing:

One-way loading (if eccentricity occur only in


the B direction)
bearing pressure distribution is approximated to be linearly

distributed underneath the foundation depending on the value of e.

if e B/6

One-way eccentric loading (if eccentricity


occur only in the B direction)
if e>B/6 as shown in figure below, there would be no contact
pressure in some section of the base area. This can cause
excessive tilting of the foundation which is not good.

therefore foundations with


eccentricity (either due to
vertical load or moment)
should satisfy
e B/6

Two-way eccentric loading (if eccentricity occur


both in the B and L directions)
for the contact pressure to be
compressive along the entire
base of the footing the
following condition should be
met:

if above condition satisfied


magnitudes of q at different
corners:

Example 5.5 from Coduto (p.165)


The mat foundation shown will support
four grain silos. These are cylindrical
structures used to store grains. Each of
the silos has an empty weight of 29MN,
and can hold up to 110MN of grain. The
mat has a weight of 60MN. Since each
silo is filled independently, the resultant
load imposed on the mat does not
necessarily act through the centroid.
Evaluate the various loading conditions
and determine whether eccentric loading
requirements will be met. If these
requirements are not met, determine the
minimum mat width B, needed to satisfy
these requirements.

Example 5.5 from Coduto (p.165)

Example 5.5 from Coduto (p.165)

Example 5.5 from Coduto (p.165)

bearing capacity
shallow foundations induce both compressive and shear stresses in the

soils underneath them.


if the bearing pressure is large enough or the size of the footing is small

enough, shear stresses may exceed the shear strength of the soil, which
causes bearing capacity failure.

Types of Bearing Capacity Failures


general shear is the most common
failure mode. Could simulate failure
conditions especially in clayey soils
or dense sands (Dr>67%).

local shear could simulate failure


conditions in medium dense sandy
soils (30%<Dr<67%).

punching shear could simulate


failure conditions
in very loose
sandy soils (Dr<30%).

Design for Bearing Capacity


General shear failure involves total rupture of the underlying
soil. There is a continuous shear failure of the soil (solid lines) from
below the footing to the ground surface.

When the load is plotted versus settlement of the footing, there is a


distinct load at which the foundation fails (solid circle), and this is
designated Qult.

The ultimate bearing capacity (qult) has been defined as the


bearing stress that causes a sudden catastrophic failure of the
foundation

Design for Bearing Capacity


Local shear failure involves rupture of the soil only immediately
below the footing. There is soil bulging on both sides of the footing,
but the bulging is not as significant as in general shear.

Local shear failure can be considered as a transitional phase


between general shear and punching shear. Because of the
transitional nature of local shear failure, the bearing capacity could
be defined as the first major nonlinearity in the load-settlement
curve (open circle) or at the point where the settlement rapidly
increases (solid circle).

Design for Bearing Capacity


Punching shear failure does not develop the distinct shear
surfaces associated with a general shear failure. For punching
shear, the soil outside the loaded area remains relatively
uninvolved and there is minimal movement of soil on both sides of
the footing. The process of deformation of the footing involves
compression of soil directly below the footing as well as the
vertical shearing of soil around the footing perimeter.

The load settlement curve does not have a dramatic break and for
punching shear, the bearing capacity is often defined as the first
major nonlinearity in the load-settlement curve (open circle).

Design for Bearing Capacity


we design the shallow foundations in order to prevent the
general shear bearing capacity failure.
there are several methods that have been developed for bearing

capacity analysis.
most common ones are Terzaghis method and Vesics method.

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Method


those are the assumptions for this method:
1)
2)
3)
4)

5)
6)
7)
8)
9)

depth of the foundation (D) its width (B),


bottom of the foundation is rough (i.e. no sliding beween its bottom
and soil),
soil underneath the foundation extends to a large depth and
homogeneous (soil properties are uniform),
shear strength of the soil is expressed by Mohr-Coulomb criterion
type of failure is in general shear,
no consolidation occurs in the soil,
foundation is rigid relative to the soil,
the soil between the ground surface and depth D has no shear
strength and act as a surcharge load,
applied load is compressive, there is neither eccentric loading nor
moment acting on the foundation.

Geometry of Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Failure

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Method


for square foundations:
for continuous foundations:
for circular foundations:

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Factors

bearing capacity factors calculated from the equations are also given in
a tabular form

Terzaghis Bearing
Capacity Factors

bearing
capacity
factors
calculated from the equations
are also given in a tabular form

Example 6.2

The
proposed
continuous
footing shown in the figure will
support the exterior wall of a
new industrial building. The
underlying soil is an undrained
clay, and gwt is below the
bottom of the footing. Compute
the ultimate bearing capacity,
and compute the wall load
required to cause a bearing
capacity failure.

Solution of Example 6.2

Solution of Example 6.2

Vesics Bearing Capacity Method


Terzaghis bearing capacity method is still widely used since it is simple
and familiar.

however, it does not consider some cases such as rectangular footings,


inclined loads, footings located near the top of a slope, or large depth to
width ratios (e.g. D>B).

method developed by Vesic, based on theoretical and experimental


findings, could be applicable to a much wider range of geometry and
loading conditions compared to Terzaghis.

Vesics Bearing Capacity Method


the basic form of the ultimate bearing capacity formula is the same with
Terzaghis.

Vesics Shape Factors


remember B: foundation width, L: foundation length

Vesics Depth Factors

if D/B 1 use k=D/B


if D/B > 1 use k=tan-1(D/B) , where tan-1 term is in radians

Vesics Load Inclination Factors


these factors are used when there is a shear component (V) of the
applied load at the base of a footing. If there is no V, all i factors are
equal to 1.

V: component of the load acting


parallel to the bottom of the
foundation

if the load is inclined in B


direction
if the load is inclined in L
direction

P: component of the load acting


perpendicular to the bottom of
the foundation

Vesics Base Inclination Factors


these factors are used very seldomly as most of footings have
horizontal bases.

Vesics Ground Inclination Factors


foundations near the top of a slope have lower bearing capacity than
those on level ground. The following factors account for this.

Vesics Bearing Capacity Factors


Vesics bearing capacity factors calculated from the equations below are
also given in a tabular form in your book.

Ground water influence


the presence of groundwater within the failure zone of our foundation is
important because it reduces the shear strength (either by reducing the
apparent cohesion or by increasing the pore pressure).

therefore we design the foundations according to the worst case depth


(shallowest location) of gwt.

Ground water influence


the value of the effective unit weight(g') used in the bearing capacity
equations are adjusted according to the location of the gwt.
for case 1:

for case 2:

for case 3:

Bearing Capacity Correlations with SPT-value


In the case of sands, the settlement is almost immediate and an
allowable or permissible settlement of 25mm is usually applied.
Foundation design uses the allowable bearing capacity, qa, which
satisfies the settlement condition and provides values of the Factor of
Safety greater than the normal (3.0 4.0).
The standard penetration test results, N values, are corrected to allow
for; pore water pressure and overburden pressure.
Correction factor, CN, for overburden pressure this accounts for the
confining pressure at the depth at which the N value has been taken and
is read off a graph.Now a revised value for the number of blows, Nrev =
CN x N
The effects of pore water pressure at the location of the test are
considered by
further correcting the Nrev value: Ncorr = 15 + 0.5(Nrev 15)

Bearing Capacity Correlations with SPT-value


Peck, Hansen, and Thornburn (1974)

Bearing Capacity Correlations with SPT-value

Bearing Capacity Correlations with CPT-value


(cohesionless)

Bearing Capacity Correlations with CPT-value


(cohesive)

Bearing Capacity on Layered Soil

Another approximate method for c-f soil:

Bearing Capacity on Layered Soil:


Stronger Soil Underlying Weaker Soil

Bearing Capacity on Layered Soil:


Stronger Soil Underlying Weaker Soil

Bearing Capacity on Layered Soil:


Stronger Soil Underlying Weaker Soil

Bearing Capacity on Layered Soil:


Stronger Soil Underlying Weaker Soil

Eccentrically Loaded Foundations

The effective area method for two way eccentricity becomes a little more
complex than what is suggested above. It is discussed in the subsequent
slides

Determination of Effective Dimensions for Eccentrically Loaded


Foundations (Highter and Anders, 1985)

Determination of Effective Dimensions for Eccentrically Loaded


Foundations (Highter and Anders, 1985)

Determination of Effective Dimensions for Eccentrically Loaded


Foundations (Highter and Anders, 1985)

Determination of Effective Dimensions for Eccentrically Loaded


Foundations (Highter and Anders, 1985)

Determination of Effective Dimensions for Eccentrically Loaded


Foundations (Highter and Anders, 1985)

Drained vs. Undrained Strength


remember that hydraulic conductivity of clays could be one million times
smaller than that of sands. Therefore the rate of drainage (dissipation of
excess pore pressures) during and after the construction can be very
slow.
remember the following table from Soil Mechanics class?

(usually on the conservative side,


compared to drained analysis )

Example 6.3 (Coduto)


A 30m by 50m mat foundation is to be built as shown in figure below.
Compute the ultimate bearing capacity using Vesics method.

Solution of Example 6.3 (Coduto)

Solution of Example 6.3 (Coduto)

=1-0.4 (30/50)=0.76

Allowable bearing capacity (qa)


in the design, ultimate bearing capacity (qult) of the soil is reduced by
dividing it to a factor of safety (F). we name this value as allowable
bearing capacity (qa).

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