A Practical Second-Order Based Method for

Power Losses Estimation in Distribution

Systems With Distributed Generation

By
E. Srinivas Reddy
133114902

Introduction
The amount of power losses in a distribution
network measures how efficiently the utility
company is delivering electrical energy to its
customers.
Many methods had been proposed to reduce the
power losses of distribution networks based on
network configuration, capacitor placement and
present is by Distributed Generation (DG).
Power loss estimation under several operating
conditions requires power flow solutions which
are time consuming

Introduction
Because of non-linear characteristic of active and
reactive power losses.
V. H. M. Quezada, J. R. Abbad, and T. G. S. Roman,
Assessment of energy distribution losses for
increasing penetration of distributed generation,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 533
540,May 2006.
The method in the above paper is based on the
first-order sensitivities obtained from the Power
flow Jacobian matrix.
The drawback of the above method is that it gives
the accurate results only for operating conditions
around the base case DG

Introduction
To solve the issue ,a method is proposed based on
the second-order power flow sensitivities which
are suitable to model the non linear nature of the
power losses
This advantage of this method is that it can
estimate the best/worst locations, penetration
levels and the power factor modes for one or
multiple DGs.

Proposed Method for Power loss Estimation

Consider distributed power lines represented in
-circuit model

where
-

are the nodal voltage at bus k and bus m

respectively

are

the

conductance

and

the

susceptance of the line k-m respectively

-

is the difference between the phase angles

of the buses k and m

is the shunt susceptance of the branch k-m

 The total active power losses of a distribution

network is given by

The total reactive power losses of a distribution

network is

Second-Order Power Loss Sensitivities

The above two equations are represented by a
Taylor Series expanded up to second order

The Base Case

Active (and
Reactive) Power
losses

The active (and

reactive ) power
losses deviation
relative to bus
voltage and phase
angles

Second order partial

derivatives of active
(and reactive ) power
losses deviation
relative to bus voltage
and phase angles

 The second-order partial derivatives of the

active power losses relative to the voltage
magnitude and phase angle at each bus is
obtained as

where
is the set of buses connected to bus k and
is the total number of buses in the

distribution network under study

 The second-order active power loss sensitivities for

a system of n-buses is calculated by

 The order of the above four sensitivities is (n-1)

which means there is power sensitivities for each
bus except for the substation bus since the
magnitude of voltages and phase angles are
assumed to be fixed

 Similarly the reactive power loss sensitivities are

calculated by replacing
with
The total power losses deviation
due to
second order derivatives can be determined by

 If there is no DG connected at bus i then

=0
The algebraic power flow equations as

and the auxiliary matrices K and L as

 Then the total power losses deviations, assuming a

DG unit installed at bus i , can be redefined, as
follows

where
vector

are n-1 dimensional column

CASE 1 : Impact of a Single DG

The main objective is to estimate how the total
system power losses change as the DG is connected
at a different system
In this case, the new total power losses after the
installation of the DG can be estimated as follows

The calculation of

is

where
the active power injection and
the power factor of the DG connected at bus k

 The first-order sensitivity matrices

CASE 2: Impact of multiple DGs

The total power losses considering the connection
of multiple DGs on the distribution network can be
estimated as follows

Test Case

Test Case Data

The test network is a 70-bus distribution system.

The maximum network active and reactive power
demands of the test network are 3802.2 KW and
2694.6 KVAR respectively and the minimum demand is
assumed to be 20% of the maximum demand

Results: Accuracy of the second-order sensitivities

A DG unit is placed at bus 18 and its generation
output is varied up to 1400 kW

The impact of DG location on the total power losses

One DG unit exporting 750 kW at unitary power factor
at different buses of the test network

Placing a DG unit at
bus
36,the
active
&reactive power losses
are increased by 14.9
kW and 5.3 kVAR
respectively
Placing a DG unit at
bus 62,the total power
losses are decreased by
87.3 kW and 37.3 kVAR
relative to the base case
Under Maximum Demand

Under Minimum Demand

Impact of DG power factor on the total

power losses
The average errors for
the total active power
losses for the capacitive
and the inductive power
factors are, respectively,
0.47% and 0.07%.
The average errors for
the total reactive power
losses are, respectively,
0.45% and 0.05%

POWER LOSSES RESPONSIBILITY

IN A MULTI-DG SCENARIO
It is very useful to determine the contribution of each DG unit
for the total network power losses
The total power losses variation due to the connection of a DG
unit at bus can be expressed

The impact of the DG at bus on the total active and reactive

power losses of a multi-DG network can be estimated as
follows:
where
Ip is the Active Power loss Index
Iq is the Reactive Power loss Index

CASE 1 : DG units contributing to power losses

reduction
In this sample case, the test distribution network is
being supplied by two DG units. One injects 500 kW at
bus 18 and the other DG located at bus 66 is varied from
0 to 500 kW through steps of 50 kW.
The results and the errors for the last operating point
(both DG units injecting 500 kW) are 4.39% for active
power losses and 4.62% for reactive power losses

Case 2: DG units with opposite impacts on

Power losses
Two DG units operating with unity power factor are
connected to the test network. One DG is placed at bus
62 with a fixed generation level at 200 kW and the
other DG, located at bus 28, has its generation level
varied from 0 to 1300 kW through steps of 100 kW.
The results and the errors for the last operating point
are 1.04% for active power losses and 0.65% for
reactive power losses