Mechanical analysis

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DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
ANALYSER
DMA is a measuring instrument which is used to

determine the dynamic characteristics of materials.

It applies a dynamic oscillating force to a sample and

analyzed the materials response to that cyclic force.

Basically, DMA determines changes in sample

properties resulting from changing in five

experimental variables: temperature, time, frequency,
force, strain.

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CONSTRUCTION OF DMA

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DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
ANALYSER

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DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
ANALYSER

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UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

Mechanics Of Materials:
It is a branch of mechanics that develops the
relation between external loads applied to a
deformable body and intensity of internal forces
acting with in the body as well as the deformations of
the body
Stress
Strain
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Test FUNCTIONS
Tensile test
Compression test
Shear
Bending

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CREEP
Time dependent deformation due to constant
stress at high temperature.

It is the tendency of the material to move slowly or

deform permanently under the influence of
mechanical stresses.

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TYPES OF CREEP
Instantaneous Creep: Mainly Elastic
Primary / Transient state Creep: Slope of strain vs.

time decreases with time: Work hardening

Secondary / Steady state Creep: Rate of straining
constant : work hardening and recovery
Tertiary Creep: Rapidly accelerating strain rate up to
fracture :
Formation of internal cracks , grain boundaries
,separation and necking.
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CREEP: TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

AND STRESS
Instantaneous strain increases
Steady state creep rate increases
Tertiary state decreases time to rupture

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TERTIARY CREEP
The creep rate begins to accelerate as the cross
sectional area of the specimen decreases due to

necking or internal voiding allowed to proceed,

the fracture will occur.

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MECHANISM OF CREEP
It includes certain mechanism:
o Dislocation Glide
o Dislocation Creep
o Diffusion Creep
o Grain boundary sliding

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DISLOCATION GLIDE
Dislocation Glide:

It involves dislocation moving along slip planes

and overcoming batteries by thermal activation. This
mechanism occurs at high stress levels.
Dislocation Creep:
It involves the movement of dislocation which
overcome barriers by thermally assisted mechanisms
involving the diffusion of vacancies or interstitials.

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 Diffusion Creep:

It involves the flow of vacancies and interstitials

through crystal under the influence of applied stress .
It occurs at high temperatures and low stress levels.
Grain boundary sliding:
It involves the sliding of grains past each other.

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CREEP TEST
It is usually employed to determine the minimum

creep rate in secondary state. Like the creep test , stress

rupturing test , involves a tensile specimen under a
constant load at a constant temperature. The
difference being , stress rupture testing uses high
stresses and is always continued until failure of the
material occurs. The stress rupture test is used to
determine the time to failure and elongation.

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HARDNESS TESTING
Resistance of metal to plastic deformation, usually by

indentation.
Refers to stiffness or temper, or to resistance to
scratching, abrasion, or cutting.
The greater HARDNESS of the material, the greater
resistance is required to deform it.
Measurement can be defined as micro, macro or nano
scale according to force applied.

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MEASUREMENTS METHODS
Four types of tests used by metal industry,
o Brinell hardness test: 10mm diameter ball with a load

of 500, 1000 or 3000kg.

o Rockwell hardness test: A core shape indenter, the
depth of penetration is measured.
o Vickers hardness test: Pyramid shape indenter
o Knoop hardness test: Determine the micro hardness.

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BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

It is defined by forcing a hard sphere of a specified

diameter under a specified load into the surface of a

material and measuring the diameter of the
indentation left after the test.
The Brinell hardness number, or simply the Brinell

number, is obtained by dividing the load used, in

kilograms, by the actual surface area of the
indentation, in square millimeters.
Load is applied for 10 to 15 seconds.
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BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

It consist of:
o Wire basket
o Handle

o Throat
o Standard Brinell ball
o Test head
o Pressure lever
o Pressure gauge

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ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTING

It is a HARDNESS TEST, measurements based on the

net increase in the depth of impression as a load is

applied.
Two types of Rockwell hardness testing:
o Rockwell testing: Minor load is 10kg and major load
(60, 100, or 150kg) is used regardless of the type of
indenter.
o Rockwell superficial testing: Minor load is 3kg and
major load (15, 30,or 45kg) are used.
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ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTING

It is simple to perform and operation completes within

10 sec.
Results are displayed digitally
On screen.
A dial gauge is used, which
Directly measure the Rockwell
Hardness.

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VICKERS HARDNESS TESTING

A standard method for measuring HARDNESS of hard

surfaces.
It is a measure of the hardness of a material, calculated
from the size of an impression produced under load by
a pyramid-shaped diamond indenter.
The diagonal of the resulting indention is measured
under a microscope.

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VICKERS HARDNESS TESTING

This method indent the material in the form of

pyramid with an angle of 136 between opposite faces.

The load is applied for 10 to
15 seconds.
It can b used for broad
hardness range and suitable
for small particles.

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KNOOP HARDNESS TESTING

The relative MICRO HARDNESS of material can

b determined by this method.

In this method, a pyramid shaped diamond
indenter with apical angle of 130 is pressed
against material.
The HARDNESS of the material is determined by
the depth to which the knoop indenter
penetrates.

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FATIGUE TESTING
In materials sciences, FATIGUE is the weakening of a

material caused by repeatedly applied load.

Progressive and localized structural damage that
occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading.
The maximum stress that cause such damage may less
than the strength of the material as Ultimate Tensile
Stress Limit or Yield Stress Limit.

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FATIGUE TESTING
A method to predict the FATIGUE life of materials is

UNIFORM MATERIAL LAW(UML).

This method (UML) was developed for FATIGUE life
prediction of Aluminum and Titanium alloys by the
end of 20th century.
It is extended to high strength steel and cast iron.
It is also measured by DMA (Dynamic Mechanical
Analysis)

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FATIGUE TESTING
It occurs when a material is subjected to repeated

loading and unloading.

If the loads are above a certain threshold, microscopic
cracks will begin to form at the surface etc. Eventually
a crack will reach a critical size and suddenly the
structure will fracture.

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FACTOR CAUSING FATIGUE FAILURE

A maximum tensile stress of sufficiently high value.
A large amount of variation or fluctuation in applied

stress.
A sufficiently large number of cycles of the applied
stress.

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FATIGUE LIMIT
A value below which the material will not fail for any

number of cycle.
FATIGUE is usually related with tensile stress but
FATIGUE cracks have reported due to compressive
loads.
Its life is influenced by many factors such as
temperature, surface finish, metallurgical
microstructure and oxidizing agents etc.
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FATIGUE TESTING

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STRESS RELAXATION
It describes how polymers relieve stress under constant

strain. Because they are viscoelastic, polymers behave

in a nonlinear fashion.
This fashion is described by both STRESS
RELAXATION and a CREEP, which describes how
polymers strain under constant stress.

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PARAMETERS AFFECT STRESS

RELAXATION
Nonmaterial parameters that affects are:

o Magnitude of initial loading

o Speed of loading
o Temperature (isothermal/non-isothermal conditions)

o Loading medium
o Friction and wear
o Long-term storage

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STRESS RELAXATION
Constant strain is applied
Stress releases as a

function of time.

STRESS RELAXATION

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STRESS RELAXATION
Temperature also affect the STRESS RELAXATION of

polymer.
o When the temperature is greater, then chain mobility
is high and stress is relaxed rapidly.
o When the temperature is lower, then chains are frozen
and stress relaxation is slow and sometimes is
negligible.

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IZOD CHARPY TESTING

The Izod test consists of a pendulum with a

determined weight at the end of its arm swinging

down and striking the specimen while it is held
securely in a vertical position. The impact strength is
determined by the loss of energy of the pendulum as
determined by precisely measuring the loss of height
in the pendulum's swing.

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IZOD CHARPY TESTING

At WMT&R Izod and CHARPY TESTING are

performed at temperatures ranging from -320F to

over 2000F.
The Izod test, like the CHARPY TEST, is also used to
test materials at low temperature to try to simulate
conditions that may occur in the actual use of the
material.

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IZOD CHARPY TESTING

The Ductile to Brittle Transition Temperature may be

obtained by testing a number of identical specimens at

different temperatures, and then plotting the impact
energy as a function of temperature, the ductile-brittle
transition becomes apparent as the resulting curve
shows a rapid decline in impact strength as the
temperature increases.

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IZOD CHARPY TESTING

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DART IMPACT TESTING

Impact test is of enormous importance.
A collision between two objects can often result in

damage to one or both of them

The damage might be a scratch crack or break.
It is an important property.

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IMPACT RESISTANCE
When two objects collide damage is often done
How well something resists damage is called its impact

resistance
An impact test measures how much energy is
absorbed when an object breaks under high speed
collision
The safety of many consumer products depends on
their resistance to breaking
But impact resistance is difficult to quantify.
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TOUGHNESS NOT HARDNESS

Impact test is about resisting impact
This is often called a materials toughness

It is the amount of energy a material can absorb

before fracturing.
Units joules per meter cube.

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DART IMPACT TESTING

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