Proterozoic Sedimentary Basins

Proterozoic Sedimentary Basins
Vindhyan Basin
Cuddapah Basin
Kurnool Group
INTRODUCTION
A number of nearly flat-lying,
virtually unmetamorphosed and
partly deformed proterozoic
cratonic basins forms a significant
part of the Precambrian shield of
India.
These basins predominantly
contain orthoquartzite, shale,
carbonate suites varying in
thickness form 100 to 10,000 m
and deposited episodically, with
frequent breaks in sedimentation,
over a time span of about 1000
Ma.
These are called as Purana
basins in Indian Stratigraphy
(Holland, 1907), like the Riphean
of Russia with which these basins
have often been compared
because of their great similarities.
INTRODUCTION
The profound
unconformity between
crystalline basement
and the Purana basins,
seen in the field as a
sharp, erosional, angular
unconformity or nonconformity, marked
invariably by basal
conglomerate, was
called in early literature
the Great Eparchaean
Unconformity.
Recent advances in the Precambrian Geology have rendered

such terminology as Eparchaean Unconformity and Purana
basins obsolete in the global context are:
Main reasons:
i) The international sub-commission on
Precambrian stratigraphy has fixed the
Archaean-Proterozoic boundary as a
geochronological datum at 2500 Ma
without reference to any particular
stratotype.
ii) The crystalline basement in india is not
necessarily Archaean everywhere, as
seen in some proterozoic supracrustal
belts unconformably underlying the
subhorizontal basins (eg. KotriDongargarh belt underlying
Chhattisgarh basin).
Purana basins are mainly

intra-continental basins,
described commonly as
cratonic or epicratonic
basins.
They are mostly situated
close to the periphery of
cratons; some may be
located in the cratonic
interior (intra-cratonic basinKaladgi, Bhima), and rarely
between cratons (intercratonic Godavari basin lying between
Dharwar and Baster cratons).
They are also described

as platform basins (Sleep et
al., 1980).
Their study is useful for

global comparison with
similar basin in Canada,
Australia and Africa that
will help to understand
the Earths Proterozoic
crustal development and
the land-sea interactions
during that period.
Proterozoic sedimentary basins

Palaeoproterozoic Basins
Bijawar and Sonrai
basins and Harda
Inlier - Bundelkhand
Craton
Gwalior basin Bundelkhand Craton
Abujhmar basin Bastar Craton
Papaghni sub-basin.
(Cuddapah Basin) Dharwar Craton
Proterozoic sedimentary basins

Meso-Neoproterozoic Basins
1. Vindhyan basin. Bundelkhand Craton
2. Chhattisgarh basin - Bastar
Craton
3. Khariar basin - Bastar Craton
4. Ampani basin - Bastar Craton
5. Keskal, Singanpur and
Chedrapal outliers - Bastar
Craton
6. Indravati basin - Bastar Craton
7. Sabari (Sukma) basin - Bastar
Craton
8. Pranhita-Godavari basin
Baster Craton
9. Cuddapah basin - Dharwar
craton
10. Kaladgi basin - Dharwar craton
11. Bhima basin - Dharwar craton
Vindhyan Basin
Vindhyan Basin
The largest single Purana
basin in the Indian
Peninsular Shield is the
spectacular, sickle
shaped, ENE trending
Vindhyan Basin, situated
on the Bundlekhand
craton.
Covers on exposed area
of 60,000 sq.km and a
concealed area of
1,62,000 sq.km under the
Indo-Gangetic Alluvium
and Deccan Trap.
The Son-Narmada fault bounds the basin in the

south and the Great Boundary fault in the
northwest.
Geographically, extends from Sasarm in the east
to Dholpur in the north, passing through the son
Valley, Bhopal, Dhar Forest and Chittorgarh and
Sawai Madhopur areas.
The long history of studies on the VB
commencing from the work of D.H. Williams in
1848.
The main classification up to Group level
proposed by the early pioneers and recently this
group is considered as Supergroup.
T. Oldham (1856) proposed 3 fold division into

Kaimur, Rewa and Bhander.
H.B. Medlicott (1859) introduced the term Semri
for the sediments underlying the Kaimur.
F.R. Mallet (1969) designated the Semri as
Lower Vindhyan, - as distinct from the rest as
Upper Vindhyan, and this was in vogue until
recently (Srivastava et al., 1983).
Among the stratigraphic Schemes Currently in
use are those of Sastry and Moitra (1984) and
Soni et al. (1987), which was adopted by Kale
and Phansalkar (1991).
Among the Sedimentological contribution- by

Singh (1980), Valdiya et al. (1982) and
Bhattacharya (1996).
Others Zutshi and Panwar (1997), Petroleum
Asia Journal (1983) and Valdiya et al. (1982).
The Vindhyan basin displays a wide variety of
depositional environments in space and time that
have been studied by many workers beginning
with Auden (1933).
Lithostratigraphy of Vindhyan Supergroup

Group
Bhandar
Group
(1300-1500 m)
Rewa Group
(100-300 m)
Kaimur Group
(400 m)
Semri Group
(3000-4000 m)
Formation
Alternative names
Maihar Sandstone
Sirbu Shale
Bundi Hill Sandstone
Ganurgarh Shale
---------------------------Disconformity
(Upper Bhandar Sst., Divided into Bhavpur Sh. Balwan Lst. Shikaoda Sst)
Govindgarh Sandstone
Drummondganj Sandstone
Jhiri Shale
Asan Sandstone
Panna Shale
------------------------Normal Contact
(Upper Rewa Sandstone., Gahadra Sandstone.)
Dhandraul Quartzite
Mangesar Formation
Bijaigarh Shale
Markundi Sandstone
Ghurma Shale
Sasaram Sandstone
---------------------------Unconformity
(Upper Kaimur Sanstone. Scarp Sandstone.)
Suket Shale
Rohtas Limestone
Chorhat Sandstone
Bargawan Limestone
Kheinjua Shale
Chopan Porcellanite
Kajrahat Limestone
Arangi Shale
Deoland Sandstone
--------------Angular Unconformity
(Baghwar shale)
(Nimbahera Lst., Divided into Bari Sh., Jiran Sst. and Khori Malan Cong.
(Gluconite Bed, Rampur Sst., Basuhari Sst, Tiohan Breccia)
(Salkhan Lst., Fawn Lst., Chorhat Lst., Tirohan Lst.)
(Olivine sh., Koldaha sh., Binota Sh.,)
(Deonar Proc.)
(Kuteshwar Lst., Bhagwanpura Lst., Tirohan Lst., Lohar Dol.)
/ Gradational Contact--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Variegated Shale)
(Lower Rewa Sandstone., Itwa Sandstone., Kanar Sandstone.)
/ Facies Change----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Ghaghar Sandstone)
(Susnai Breccia)
(Lower Kaimur Sandstone)
/Normal Contact-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Khardeola Sst., Pandwafall Sst.)

/ Non-conformity-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Granites and Supercrustals
Description of Lithology- Semri Group
Its names from Semri River near Bijawar and is well

developed in the eastern Son valley near Sidhi and
around Chittorgarh, and some extent near Bijawar
and Sawai Madhopur.
Its thickness near Sidhi is 3430m, whereas
elsewhere estimates vary from 20 to 4345m.
Generally, the sediments tend to thin to the west
and north, and the variable thickness indicates an
irregular basin floor.
Semeri Group rests with non-conformity on
Bundelkhand and Berach granites as well as
Banded Gneissic Complex (BGC), and with angular
unconformity on Bijawar Group.
Description of Lithology- Semri Group
The basal succession consists of Conglomerate,

cross-bedded ferruginous sandstone and shale,
exposed mainly in Rajasthan (Khardeola Sst.) In
Bundelkhanda and Son Valley, the basal unit
consists of Sst. (Deoland or Pandwafall Sst.),
overlain by shale (Arangi shale).
The sandstone is glauconitic with lenses of chert
and limestone suggesting transgressive marine
environment.
The overlying stromatolitic limestone and dolomite
(Kajrahat) containing illite and kaolinite suggest a
continental shelf setting.
Presence of native sulphur and pyrite in black shale
indicates volcanic, euxenic environment.
The associated Conophyton bearing limestone,

lime-chert conglomerate and turbidite suggest deepwater slope to basinal environment.
The overlying oliven Shale (kheinjua Shale), Fawn
Limestone (Bargawan Limestone) and glauconite
siltstone (Chorhat Sandstone) suggest a composite
environment.
Similar environments were visualised for Rohtas
Limestone and Suket Shale but other workers
suggest a lagoonal environment instead.
Semri Group
(3000-4000 m)
Suket Shale
Rohtas Limestone
Chorhat Sandstone
Bargawan Limestone
Kheinjua Shale
Chopan Porcellanite
Kajrahat Limestone
Arangi Shale
Deoland Sandstone
--------------Angular Unconformity
(Baghwar shale)
(Nimbahera Lst., Divided into Bari Sh., Jiran Sst. and Khori Malan Cong.
(Gluconite Bed, Rampur Sst., Basuhari Sst, Tiohan Breccia)
(Salkhan Lst., Fawn Lst., Chorhat Lst., Tirohan Lst.)
(Olivine sh., Koldaha sh., Binota Sh.,)
(Deonar Proc.)
(Kuteshwar Lst., Bhagwanpura Lst., Tirohan Lst., Lohar Dol.)
(Khardeola Sst., Pandwafall Sst.)
/ Non-conformity----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Granites and Supercrustals
Description of Lithology- Kaimur Group
The Kaimur Scarp, has conformable contact with

Semri Group in son valley and Chittorgarh, but has
angular unconformable contact at Kalinjer Fort.
The Pipartola, Bundi and Dulchipur Conglomerates
separate both the groups in Western Bundelkhand
and Rajasthan.
The presence of clasts of Semri Sst. and Sh. in the
Basal congl. suggests significance time gap.
Kaimur Group
(400 m)
Dhandraul Quartzite
Mangesar Formation
Bijaigarh Shale
Markundi Sandstone
Ghurma Shale
Sasaram Sandstone
---------------------------Unconformity
(Ghaghar Sandstone)
(Susnai Breccia)
/Normal Contact-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Description of Lithology- Kaimur Group
Kaimur Group is essentially a Sst-Sh. association,

as against the Sh.-Lst. association of Semri Group.
The basal Sasaram Sst. overlain by Markundi Sst.
and intervening silicified shale are interpreted as
product of either high velocity coastal stream or
barrier beach dune or tidal flat.
The overlying Dhandrual qtz. consisting of arkosic
sst., with associated pebble beds and shale
(Mangesar Fm.), is visualised as a braide
ephemeral stream deposit or as sandy intertidal flat
or tidal channel deposits.
Kaimur Group
(400 m)
Dhandraul Quartzite
Mangesar Formation
Bijaigarh Shale
Markundi Sandstone
Ghurma Shale
Sasaram Sandstone
---------------------------Unconformity
(Ghaghar Sandstone)
(Susnai Breccia)
/Normal Contact-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Description of Lithology- Rewa Group

Rewa state, is characterised by frequent lateral facies
change ad is best exposed around Satna, Shivapuri and
Chittorgarh.
The sediments thicken to the north indicating deepening of
the basin.
Rewa Group is also well developed in Harda Inlier near
Hoshangabad, known in earlier literature as Dhar Forest
area.
The basal Panna shal, without any basal congl., indicates
continuity of deposition from Kaimur Group.
Red Sh.. Lst., Barytes and Gluconitic siltstone (Panna Sh. and
Asan Sst.) indicate lagoonal environment.
Rewa Group
(100-300 m)
Jhiri Shale
Asan Sandstone
Panna Shale
------------------------Normal Contact

(Variegated Shale)
/ Facies Change----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Description of Lithology- Rewa Group
The coarsening upward sandstone with mudcracks

suggests periodical exposure.
The overlying Jhiri Sh. is separated from Asan Sst.
by diamondiferous congl. at Panna.
Mudcracks an rain prints in the shale indicate
subaerial conditions.
Drummondganj Sst. is deposited in shore face
environment. The overlying Govindgarh Sst. is
poorly sorted, pebbly and texturally immature,
indicating either fluvial deltaic or near shore muddy
tidal flat environment.
Rewa Group
(100-300 m)
Jhiri Shale
Asan Sandstone
Panna Shale
------------------------Normal Contact

(Variegated Shale)
/ Facies Change----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Description of Lithology- Bhander Group

Bhander Upland, is extensively developed along the axis of
the basin and in the Bhopal Inlier within the Deccan Trap.
The basal unit of Ganurgarh sh. has the diamondiferous
congl. in Panna area, but elsewhere the contact is
gradational with Rewa Group.
The Ganurgarh Chocolate Sh. with stromatolitic Lst. and Sst.
interbeds that contain intraformational breccia, halite casts,
scour and fill structures indicative of shoreline lagoon-tidal
flat complex.
Lakheri Lst. with algal mats and stromatolites has formed in
tidal flat-lagoon environment.
Bhandar
Group
(1300-1500 m)
Maihar Sandstone
Sirbu Shale
Ganurgarh Shale
---------------------------Disconformity
Description of Lithology- Bhander Group
Overlying Bundi hill Sst. is a fining upward

transgressive deposit tidal flat.
Overlying Purple Sirbu Sh. with halite casts
indicates oxidising to arid conditions.
The top unit of Maihar Sst. is a blanket deposit with
ripple marks, cross bedding and load costs,
intercalated with stromatolitic limestone beds,
suggesting an overall tidal flat to near shore littoral
environment.
Tidal and aeolean depositional sequence for this
Sst-Sh-Sst-stromatolitic Lst.
Bhandar
Group
(1300-1500 m)
Maihar Sandstone
Sirbu Shale
Ganurgarh Shale
---------------------------Disconformity
Age
Recent robust dating has fixed the beginning of

Vindhyan Sedimentation around 1600-1720 Ma
(Ray, 2006).
Kajrahat Limestone has given Pb-Pb isochron age
of 1720 Ma.
Silicified tuffs of Kheinjua Formation (Semri Group)

are dated by SHRIMP U-Pb zircon method at
1628+8 Ma and 1599+8 Ma.
Kimberlites of Panna yield Rb-Sr ages of 1067+31
Ma, 1140+20 Ma and 1130+20 Ma, which suggest
the age of Kaimur Group tobe about 1100-1150 Ma.
Age
Age of Rewa and Bhander Groups have not been

determined yet, but estimated to be 1100-700 Ma;
although some parts of the Bhander Group indicate
a late Neoproterozoic age (~700-600 Ma)-biotic.
The time span of over 1000 Ma between 1700 Ma
and 600 Ma was tacitly assumed by many workers
to suggest uninterrupted sedimentation for such a
prolonged duration, but the pattern of sedimentation
punctuated by four major unconformities marking
significant breaks, indicates that the sedimentation
was episodic over a long period (Kale, 1991;
Chaudhuri et al, 2002).
Life in the Vindhyan Period

Venkatachala et al., (1996), Kumar (2003)
and De (2006) provide summaries of life in
the Vindhyan Period.
Evidence of life is either direct (mega- and
micro-fossils) or indirect (stromatolites,
trace fossils, algal mats etc).
Among the important megafossils are the
various species of Chuaria and Twauia
and their equivalent in the Semri, Rewa
and Bhander Groups. These also include
carbonaceous forms, their impressions
and pseudomorphs.
Microfossils reported from Semri and
bhander Groups include a variety of
cyanobacterial, not hav any chrnological
significance, except possibly a few like
Obruchevella species that suggest Upper
Riphean (600-950 Ma) age for the Lakheri
Limestone and Bundi Hill Sandstone of
Bhander Group.
Life in the Vindhyan Period

FIGURE 316, Wengania minuta n. sp.; 7,
Obruchevella filament within Salome
hubeiensis Zhang, 1986 sheaths, 8, 9,
Meghystrichosphaeridium chadianensis (Chen
and Liu, 1986) and 10, 11, Dicrospinasphaera
zhangii (Yuan and Hofmann, 1998). 1,
HUHPC-64826, thin section NTC-4-8-2,
coordinates 24.7 x 127.5; 2, HUHPC-64827,
thin section NTC-4-1-1, coordinates 24.7 x
95.7; 3, HUHPC-64828, thin section NTC-4-52, coordinates 16.6 x 106; 4, HUHPC-64829,
thin section NTC-4-7-4, coordinates 40.9 x 120;
5, HUHPC-64830, thin section NTC-4-7-2,
coordinates 37.6 x 125; 6, holotype, HUHPC64831, thin section NTC-4-12-1, coordinates
32.2 x 110.5. 7, arrows indicate turning points
of helical filament within multiple layered
sheaths. HUHPC-64832, thin section NTC-4-52, coordinates 13.1 x 125.5; 8, 9, two views, at
different focus levels, of the same specimen of
M. chadianensis. Arrows point to characteristic
processes of M. chadianensis. HUHPC-64833,
133.3; 10, 11, two views, at different focus
levels, of the same specimen of D. zhangii.
Arrows point to solid, branching processes
characteristic of D. zhangii. HUHPC-64834,
107.7. Scale bar in 1 represent 50 m for 16
and 811 and 200 m for 7
Cuddapah Basin
The crescent shaped,

easterly concave and NS trending, Cuddapah
basin covers an area of
44,000 sq km in the
east-central part of
Dharwar Craton.
The basin extends for a
length of about 45 km
along the arcuate
eastern margin with a
mean width of 150 km,
and is the second
largest Purana basin of
Peninsular India, after
the great Vindhyan
basin.
Cuddapah basin is characterized

by quartzite-carbonate-shale
cycles having an aggregate
thickness that is estimated to vary
between 6 and 12 km. The early
sediments of the basin are
interspersed with basic volcanics
and sills, similar to the small
Paleoproterozoic basins of
Abujhmar, Bijawar and Gwalior.
Felsic volcanics and tuffs are
intercalated with sediments at
many horizons.
The basin is well known for its
mineral potential in the form of
limestone and dolomites, bedded
and vein barytes, chrysotile
asbestos and steatite, besides
occurrences of base metals,
diamond, phosphorite, uranium
and abundant building and
ornamental stones.
The western half of the

basin is undeformed and
consists of four subbasins,
Papaghni,
Kurnool,
Srisailam and
Palnad.
The Papaghni and
Kurnool sub-basins are
geographically
interlinked, but were
sites of deposition at
different times.
The Papaghni sub-basin containing lower Cuddapah

sediment and the Kurnool sub-basin containing the
Younger Kurnool sediments that ovelie the Cuddapah
sequence with a major unconformity.
Srisailam sub-basin contain Upper Cuddapah
sediments.
Palnad sub-basin exposes only the Younger Kurnool
sequence.
The eastern half of the Cuddaupah basin is occupied by
the Nallamalai ford belt consisting of Upper Cuddapah
sediments.
Nallamalai fold belt is demarcated from the undeformed
western sub-basins by the prominent fault lineament
called the Rudravaram line along which cleavage begins
to develop in the Cuddapah sediments.
Cuddapah Basin- Previous works

1870 by V. Ball; T. Oldham; R. Bruce Foote and W. King.
The monumental work of King (1942) proposing the first stratigraphic
sequence for the basin held sway for nearly a century.
Systematic mapping by GSI led to some significant changes in
Stratigraphy :
Dutt (1975) the Kurnool basin.
Sen and Narasimha Rao (1967) & GSI (2001c) volcanism and
Paleogeography.
SVLN Rao et al., (1964) Thyagarajan (1964) and Rajurkar and
Ramalingaswamy (1975) stratigraphy and sedimentation.
Narayanaswami (1966a)- tectonics and NGRI (1986)-gravity studies.
B.K. Nagaraja Rao and G. Ramalingaswamy (1976) proposed
classification.
Periodica summaries of the geology were published from time to time by
Meijernik et al., (1984), Dutt (1986),
Nagaraja Rao. et al., (1987), Hari Narain (1987)
and Lakshminarayana et al.,(2001).
The stratigraphy of the basin as modified by Nagaraja Rao et al., (1987).
Lithostratigraphy of Cuddapah Basin

Nandyal Shale (50-100 m)
Koilkuntla Limestone (15-50 m)
Paniam Quartzite (10-35 m)
Shale, partly calcareous

Siliceous, shaly limestone with quartzite interbeds.
Massive and pinnacled qurtzite, siliceous shale, basal
pebble bed.
---------Paraconformity----------------
-----------------------------------------------------------
Auk Shale (19-15 m)
Banganapalle Quartzite (10-50 m)
Laminated shale, mostly ochreous with siltstone

interbeds.
Flaggy grey limestone, glauconitic sandstone
interbeds.
Oligomict conglomerate, grit quartzite, shale.
----------Unconformity----------------
--------------------------------------------------------
Srisailam Quartzite (300 m)
Glauconitic ferruginous quartzite with shale
--------------------------
-----------Unconformity --------------
--------------------------------------------------------
Nallamalai Group
(3500- 6000 m)
Cumbum Formation
Pullampet Formation
Bairenkonda Quartzite (1500 m)
Nagari Quartzite (4000 m)
Mainly slate and Phyllite, Chert, dolomite

Shale, felsic tuff, barytes, dolomite, quartzite.
Qurtzite, Quartz wacke, shale.
Qurtzite, Quartz wacke, shale basal conglomerate
---------------------------
------- Angular Unconformity--------
--------------------------------------------------------
Gandikota Quartzite (300 m)
Shale-quartzite alternations, gluconitic quartzite

interbeds.
Shale, felsic tuff, basic sills and flows, chert,
stromatolitic dolomite quartzite
Quartzite and conglomerate
Kundair Subgroup
Kurnool
Group
(75-150 m)
(200 -450 m)
-------------------------Jammalamadugu
Subgroup
Narji Limestone (100 200 m)
(120-260 m)
---------------------------
Cuddapah
Supergroup
Chitravati Group
Tadpatri Formation (4600 m)
(4900-5000 m)
Pulivendla Quartzite (1-75 m)
Papaghni Group
(2100 m)
Vempalle Formation (1900 m) with

Kuppalapalle volcanics.
Gulcheru Quartzite (30-210 m)
Stromatolitic dolomite, chert, quartzite, basic sills and

flows.
Basal conglomerate, arkose quartzite with shale
interbeds.
Crystalline basement of Dharwar Craton
Cuddapah Basin- Papaghni Group

Group rests with non-conformity
on the granitic basement and with
profound angular unconformity
over the greenstone belts or EDC.
The unconformity is marked by
prominent basal conglomerate.
Group consists of a lower
arenaceous sequence (Gulcheru
Quartzite) and upper carbonate
sequence topped by basic
valcanic and sills (Vempalle
Formation).
Gulcheru quartzite is a
conglomerate -quartzite sequence.
The quartz pebble conglomerate
has dominate clasts of vein quartz,
along pebbles of granite, quartzite,
chert, jasper and BIF. The
conglomerate is overlain by pebbly
and non-pebbly quartzite,
glauconitic sandstone, laminated
siltstone and shale interlayered
with dolomite.
Cuddapah Basin- Papaghni Group

Vempalle formation- shale,
siltstone and stromatolitic dolomite
in the lower part associated with
phospahtic and uraniferous
horizons.
The upper unit- shale-chert beds,
chert breccia, sandstone and
stromatolitic dolomite- the
lithological association suggests
tidal flat to shallow marine
environment.
Kuppam volcanics- of tholeiitic
basalt and basaltic andesite occur
at the top of Vempelle Formation.
Sills of picrite, gabbro and dolerite
are also abundant. The flows and
sills are horizontal or low dipping
and are interstratified with
sediments.
Cuddapah Basin- Chitravati Group

Group disconformably overlies Papaghni Group with a basal
Conglomerate making the hiatus, and consists of lower Pulivendla
Quartzite and Upper Tadpatri Formation.
Correlated with Nagari Quartzite and Pullampet Formation respectively,
but recent studies have shown that the latter two formations are part of
Nallamalai Group.
Pulivendla Quartzite basal conglomerate, quartzite and rippled siltstone.
Basal conglomerate overlies Vempelle sediments, but quartzite overlies
Kuppalapalle volcanics. The conglomerate has clasts of under lying
Papaghni Group. Interpreted environment is alluvial-strandline interface.
(3500- 6000 m)
Cumbum Formation
Pullampet Formation

---------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------

interbeds.
Nallamalai Group
Cuddapah
Supergroup
Chitravati Group
(4900-5000 m)
Papaghni Group
(2100 m)

Stromatolitic dolomite, chert, quartzite, basic sills

and flows.
interbeds.

Tadpatri Formation 10 m thick gradational contact with the underlying
Pulivendla Quartzite.
Purple shale with siltstone and carbonate, and grey shale interbedded
with stromatilitic dolomite having biogenic (?) concretions, chert beds and
siltstone intercalations.
Several ridge-like sills of gabbro and dolerite are conspicuous.
Pillowed spilitic lava suggestive of submarine alteration is noted at
Venkatapuram.
The presence of tidalite, as well as flaser and lenticular bedding suggests
tidal flat to shallow offshore environment.
(3500- 6000 m)
Cumbum Formation
Pullampet Formation

---------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------

interbeds.
Nallamalai Group
Cuddapah
Supergroup
Chitravati Group
(4900-5000 m)
Papaghni Group
(2100 m)


and flows.
interbeds.

Gandikota Formation Gandikota Fort has a gradational contact with
Tadpatri Formation marked by shale-siltstone-sandstone alternations.
The overlying thick quartzite is profusely ripple-marked and cross
laminated.
Presence of glauconite, high degree of maturity, sheet geometry and
herring bone cross bedding in the quartzite suggests tide-dominated
shallow shelf sea setting.
Earlier worker correlated Nagari and Bairenkonda Quartzites with the
Gandikota Quartzite.
(3500- 6000 m)
Cumbum Formation
Pullampet Formation

---------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------

interbeds.
Nallamalai Group
Cuddapah
Supergroup
Chitravati Group
(4900-5000 m)
Papaghni Group
(2100 m)


and flows.
interbeds.
Cuddapah Basin- Nallamalai Group

Nagari Quartzite thick-bedded arenite with herringbone cross bedding
and is underlain by a conglomerate.
Bairenkonda Quartzite Quartzite-pelitic cycle in the lower part and a
thick nature quartz arenite in the upper part.
Pelite-arenite cycles are best seen in the Iswarakuppam dome, and
arenites are exposed between Chelima and Giddalur as well as at
Ahobilam, Maidukuru and Velikonda hills.
Bairenkonda and Nagari Quartzites indicate shallow marine depsitional
environment.
Kurnool
Group
(200 -450 m)
Cuddapah
Supergroup
-----------------------Jammalamadugu
Subgroup
-------Paraconformity---------------
---------------------------
----------Unconformity----------------
------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------
-----------Unconformity --------------
-----------------------------------------------------
Nallamalai Group
(3500- 6000 m)
Cumbum Formation
Pullampet Formation

---------------------------
---- Angular Unconformity--------
-------------------------------------------------------
Chitravati Group
Gandikota Quartzite (300 m), Tadpatri Formation (4600 m), Pulivendla Quartzite (1-75 m)
Auk Shale (19-15 m)


Nagari Quartzite thick-bedded arenite with herringbone cross bedding
and is underlain by a conglomerate.
Bairenkonda Quartzite Quartzite-pelitic cycle in the lower part and a
thick nature quartz arenite in the upper part.
Pelite-arenite cycles are best seen in the Iswarakuppam dome, and
arenites are exposed between Chelima and Giddalur as well as at
Ahobilam, Maidukuru and Velikonda hills.
Bairenkonda and Nagari Quartzites indicate shallow marine depsitional
environment.
Kurnool
Group
(200 -450 m)
Cuddapah
Supergroup
-----------------------Jammalamadugu
Subgroup
-------Paraconformity---------------
---------------------------
----------Unconformity----------------
------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------
-----------Unconformity --------------
-----------------------------------------------------
Nallamalai Group
(3500- 6000 m)
Cumbum Formation
Pullampet Formation

---------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------
Chitravati Group
Auk Shale (19-15 m)


Cumbum Formation Kambham village, essentially shaly sequence of
banded shale and shaly rhythmite that progresses into slate and phyllite
association with arenite, towards eastern margin of the basin.
Chert, dolomite, olistromal dolomite and siliceous shale are locally
important.
The dolomite hosts a marginal lead-zinc deposit at Agnigundala and
Zangamrajupalle-Varikunta.
The depositional environment of Cumbum formation is probably supratidal.
Kurnool
Group
(200 -450 m)
Cuddapah
Supergroup
-----------------------Jammalamadugu
Subgroup
-------Paraconformity---------------
---------------------------
----------Unconformity----------------
------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------
-----------Unconformity --------------
-----------------------------------------------------
Nallamalai Group
(3500- 6000 m)
Cumbum Formation
Pullampet Formation

---------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------
Chitravati Group
Auk Shale (19-15 m)


Pullampet Formation Purple shale and calcareous shale with interbeds
of dolomite and quartzite.
The single largest deposit of bedded barytes in the world occurs within
Pullampet Formation at Mangampeta, where volaniclastics rich in barite
rosetters and barium felspar host the deposit.
The genesis of this barite deposit is attributed to the reaction between
volcanogenic barium and biogenic sulfur in seawater.
This unique occurrence has been declared as a National Geological
Monument.
Kurnool
Group
(200 -450 m)
Cuddapah
Supergroup
-----------------------Jammalamadugu
Subgroup
-------Paraconformity---------------
---------------------------
----------Unconformity----------------
------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------
-----------Unconformity --------------
-----------------------------------------------------
Nallamalai Group
(3500- 6000 m)
Cumbum Formation
Pullampet Formation

---------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------
Chitravati Group
Auk Shale (19-15 m)


Srisailam Quartzite horizontally bedded, glauconite-bearing ferruginous
quartzite overlying Papghni and Nallamalai Groups with profound
unconformity marked by local conglomerate.
Minor shale intercalations are found in the quartzite.
Irlakonda Quartzite and Kolamnala Shale, once thought to be part of
Srisailam Quartzite, are now shown to be the equivalents of the Cumbum
Formation, since Srisailam Quartzite overlies then with angular
unconformity at Madapuchelima.
The quartzite is believed to indicate a shallow marine to tidal flat
environment.
Kurnool
Group
(200 -450 m)
Cuddapah
Supergroup
-----------------------Jammalamadugu
Subgroup
-------Paraconformity---------------
---------------------------
----------Unconformity----------------
------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------
-----------Unconformity --------------
-----------------------------------------------------
Nallamalai Group
(3500- 6000 m)
Cumbum Formation
Pullampet Formation

---------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------
Papaghni Group
Vempalle Formation with Kuppalapalle volcanics. Gulcheru Quartzite.
Auk Shale (19-15 m)

Kurnool Group
Jammalamadagu Subgroup:
Banganapalle Conglomerate clasts of chert and vein quartz set in a
feeruginous matrix, which is similar to beach gravel formed by
transgressive seas.
Well known for placer diamonds derived from kimberlites within and
around the basin.
Associated glauconitic sandstones suggest tidal flat environment.
The dark grey Narji Limestone indicates restricted circulation, and the
intercalated glauconitic sandstone suggests shallow marine conditions.
Auk Shale (Owk Shale) is siliceous and shows near-shore features.
Kurnool
Group
(200 -450 m)
Kundair
Subgroup
(75-150 m)
------------------------Jammalamadugu
Subgroup


Massive and pinnacled qurtzite, siliceous shale,
basal pebble bed.
---------Paraconformity--------------
---------------------------------------------------------
Auk Shale (19-15 m)

interbeds.
interbeds.
(120-260 m)
----------------------------------------------------------Angular Unconformity------------------------------------------------------------------------Tadpatri Formation,/Srisailam Quartzite ,
Kurnool Group
Kundair Subgroup:
Paniam Quartzite high degree of roundness and spericity
and mega cross beding suggests near shore environment.
Koilkuntla Limestone is a micritic grey limestone deposited
in a shallow marine reducing environment.
Nandyal Shale Purple calcareous shale with interbedded
limestone indicates shallow marine conditions.
The Kurnool sub-basin therefore witnessed strandline, near
shore to shallow marine conditions.
Kurnool
Group
(200 -450 m)
Kundair
Subgroup
(75-150 m)
------------------------Jammalamadugu
Subgroup


Massive and pinnacled qurtzite, siliceous shale,
basal pebble bed.
---------Paraconformity--------------
---------------------------------------------------------
Auk Shale (19-15 m)

interbeds.
interbeds.
(120-260 m)
----------------------------------------------------------Angular Unconformity------------------------------------------------------------------------Tadpatri Formation,/Srisailam Quartzite ,
Life in the Cuddapah Sediments

Stromatolites abounding
in the Cuddapah
sediments are not strictly
diagnostic of their age.
Carbonaceous
microfossils like Tawuia,
Chuaria in Auk shale,
trace fossils in Panian
Quartzite and Calcareous
algae form Koiluntla
Limestone indicate
Neoproterozoic age for
the Kurnool Group.
Age
Pre-Cuddapah basement dyies are to two
prominent ages at ~2100 and ~2400 Ma.
Rb-Sr dating-dolerite and picrite sills of
Pulivendla Formation gives an age of ~1800
Ma.
K-Ar ages some dolerite dykes underlying
the Cuddapah basin are also similar at ~1800
Ma.
These dates also correspond to the ageof U
mineralization in Lower Cuddapah carbonates
at ~1800 Ma.
Some dolerite dykes of ~1650 Ma age belong
to this event.
The age of galena and micas in Cumbum
shales (1350-1450 Ma).
Younger events recorded by mineral ages
range from 500 to950 Ma, which may span the
time of evolution of Kurnool and Palnad subbasins.
Kimerlites in the granitic basement near the
Cuddapah basin generally have an age of ~
1050 Ma.
Diamondiferous conglomerate having
kimberlite as its source for diamond, and RbSr age of 980 Ma for dolerite dyke intruding
Kuronool sub-basin sugggests Neoproterozoic
age for Kurnool Group.
Neoproterozic Age
Kurnool
Group
Kunai Subgroup
Jammalamadugu
Subgroup
Early
Mesoprotrozoic Age
Early
Mesoprotrozoic Age
Srisailam
Quartzite
Cuddapah
Supergroup
Nallamalai Group
Early
Mesoprotrozoic Age
Chitravati Group
Palaeoproterozoic
Age
Papaghni Group

Proterozoic Sedimentary Basins

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Proterozoic Sedimentary Basins

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Proterozoic Sedimentary Basins

Recent advances in the Precambrian Geology have rendered

Purana basins are mainly

They are also described

Their study is useful for

Proterozoic sedimentary basins

Proterozoic sedimentary basins

The Son-Narmada fault bounds the basin in the

T. Oldham (1856) proposed 3 fold division into

Among the Sedimentological contribution- by

Lithostratigraphy of Vindhyan Supergroup

(Upper Rewa Sandstone., Gahadra Sandstone.)

(Upper Kaimur Sanstone. Scarp Sandstone.)

(Khardeola Sst., Pandwafall Sst.)

Granites and Supercrustals

Description of Lithology- Semri Group

Its names from Semri River near Bijawar and is well

Description of Lithology- Semri Group

The basal succession consists of Conglomerate,

The associated Conophyton bearing limestone,

Description of Lithology- Kaimur Group

The Kaimur Scarp, has conformable contact with

(Upper Kaimur Sanstone. Scarp Sandstone.)

Description of Lithology- Kaimur Group

Kaimur Group is essentially a Sst-Sh. association,

(Upper Kaimur Sanstone. Scarp Sandstone.)

Description of Lithology- Rewa Group

(Upper Rewa Sandstone., Gahadra Sandstone.)

Description of Lithology- Rewa Group

The coarsening upward sandstone with mudcracks

(Upper Rewa Sandstone., Gahadra Sandstone.)

Description of Lithology- Bhander Group

Description of Lithology- Bhander Group

Overlying Bundi hill Sst. is a fining upward

Recent robust dating has fixed the beginning of

Silicified tuffs of Kheinjua Formation (Semri Group)

Age of Rewa and Bhander Groups have not been

Life in the Vindhyan Period

Life in the Vindhyan Period

The crescent shaped,

Cuddapah basin is characterized

The western half of the

The Papaghni sub-basin containing lower Cuddapah

Cuddapah Basin- Previous works

Lithostratigraphy of Cuddapah Basin

Shale, partly calcareous

Auk Shale (19-15 m)

Banganapalle Quartzite (10-50 m)

Laminated shale, mostly ochreous with siltstone

Srisailam Quartzite (300 m)

Glauconitic ferruginous quartzite with shale

Mainly slate and Phyllite, Chert, dolomite

------- Angular Unconformity--------

Gandikota Quartzite (300 m)

Shale-quartzite alternations, gluconitic quartzite

Narji Limestone (100 200 m)

Tadpatri Formation (4600 m)

Vempalle Formation (1900 m) with

Stromatolitic dolomite, chert, quartzite, basic sills and

Crystalline basement of Dharwar Craton

Cuddapah Basin- Papaghni Group

Cuddapah Basin- Papaghni Group

Cuddapah Basin- Chitravati Group

Mainly slate and Phyllite, Chert, dolomite