ARC 3601

Lecture 4

Artificial Lighting: Introduction

Lamps & Luminaires

THIS LECTURE

Why artificial lighting

History of lamps
Terminologies
Types of lamps
Types of Luminaires
Light Pollution

Natural vs Artificial lighting

Why artificial Lighting?

By Night
Sole illumination
Security and emergency lighting
By day:
Sole source of illumination for windowless room.
Main source of illumination with windows for view
Better Modelling, task illumination
Supplement daylight where rooms are too deep
for daylight

Artificial lighting

General
lighting/Ambient
Lighting is
intended for
general illumination
of an area. Indoors,
this would be a
basic lamp on a
table or floor, or a
fixture on the
ceiling.

Artificial lighting
Task Lighting to provide enough light for people
to carry out particular activities when daylight
levels are not sufficient for the task;e.g. reading,
inspecting

Artificial lighting

Movement to provide enough light for people

to move about safely;

Artificial lighting

Display to display
features of the building in a
manner for their character
and purpose.

Artificial lighting

Accent lighting is mainly

decorative, intended to
highlight pictures, plants,
or other elements of
interior design or
landscaping

Lamps - History
Pre-electrical Lamps
invented around 70,000 BC. A hollow rock, shell or
other natural found object was filled with moss or a
similar material that was soaked with animal fat and
ignited.
7th century BC, the Greeks began making terra cotta
lamps to replace handheld torches. The word lamp is
derived from the Greek word lampas, meaning torch.

18th century, the central burner was invented, The

fuel source enclosed in metal, and a adjustable
metal tube used to control the intensity of the fuel
burning and intensity of the light. small glass
chimneys were added to lamps to both protect the
flame and control the flow of air to the flame
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Lamps - History
Pre-electrical Lamps
Early lighting fuels consisted of olive oil, beeswax, fish
oil, whale oil, sesame oil, nut oil, and similar
substances. These were the most commonly used fuels
until the late 18th century.
Ancient Chinese collected natural gas in skins that was
used for illumination.
In 1859, drilling for petroleum oil began and the
kerosene (a petroleum derivative) lamp grew popular,
first introduced in 1853 in Germany.
Coal and natural gas lamps were also becoming widespread. Coal gas was first used as a lighting fuel as
early as 1784.

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Lamps - History
Pre-electrical Lamps
Gas Lights
In 1792, the first commercial use of gas lighting began
when William Murdoch used coal gas for lighting his
house in Redruth, Cornwall. German inventor Freidrich
Winzer (Winsor) was the first person to patent coal gas
lighting in 1804 and a "thermolampe" using gas
distilled from wood was patented in 1799. David
Melville received the first U.S. gas light patent in
1810.Early in the 19th century, most cities in the
United States and Europe had streets that were
gaslight. Gas lighting for streets gave way to low
pressure sodium and high pressure mercury lighting in
the 1930s and the development of the electric lighting
at the turn of the 19th century replaced gas lighting in
homes.
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Terminology

Lumen
Candella
Illuminance
Luminance
Reflectance
Efficacy
efficiency

Glare
Correlated
Color
Temperature
Color rendering
Life
Lamps
Luminaires
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Terminology - Lumen
The lumen is the time
rate flow of light.
Whereas a lamp will
have many candela
values, depending upon
the direction of interest,
it will have only one
lumen output rating. The
lumen rating can be
considered as the
measure of the
summation of light
output of a lamp. Ratings
are determined and
published by the lamp
manufacturer.

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Terminology - Lumen
lumen ratings of lamps determine the final illuminance in a
space. Here are a few examples of lumen ratings for some
commonly used lamps:

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Terminology- Candella
The Standard International unit
of luminous intensity.
One candela is one lumen per
steradian.
The intensity of a light source
in a specific direction is
expressed in candelas (cd).
Any given light source will have
many different intensities,
depending upon the direction
considered. Since intensity is a
property of the source itself,
the candlepower (luminous
intensity expressed in
candelas) for a specified
direction remains the same,
regardless of distance from the
source.
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Terminology - Illuminance

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Terminology - Illuminance

Two common units used to

measure illuminance are:

For conversion
purposes:

footcandles (fc) = lm/ft2

1 lx = .0929 fc

lux (lx) = lm/m2

1 fc = 10.76 lx

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Terminology- Luminance

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Terminology- Luminance

Luminance is the
photometric quantity
most closely
associated with one's
perception of
brightness. It usually
refers to the amount
of light that reaches
the eye of the
observer measured in
units of luminous
intensity (candelas)
per unit area (m2).

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Terminology- Reflectance

IESNA Definition:
the ratio of the
reflected flux to
the incident flux.

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Terminology- Reflectance

Reflectance values
express the
percentage of light
that is reflected
back from a
surface, the
difference having
been absorbed or
transmitted by the
surface.
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Terminology- Reflectance

The reflectance of
this translucent
piece of glass is
80%.

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Terminology- Reflectance

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Terminology - efficacy

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Terminology - efficacy

Efficacy for light sources and

lighting systems is expressed in
lumens per watt.
The total luminous flux emitted by
the total lamp power input.
It is expressed in lumens per watt
(lm/W).

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Terminology - efficacy

For fluorescent and high intensity

discharge (HID) sources, the
associated ballast wattage should
be included in determining the
system efficacy, as should any
reductions in lumen output
associated with the lamp-ballast
combination.

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Terminology - efficacy

Lamp efficacy is calculated by

dividing lamp lumens by lamp
watts:
100-W A19 incandescent lamp
produces 1740 lm
1740 lm 100 W = 17.4 lm/watt

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Terminology - efficacy

System efficacy (for ballasted sources) is

derived by multiplying rated lamp lumens
by the ballast factor and dividing the
result by total input watts:
F32T8 lamps produce 2850 lm each on a
2-lamp electronic ballast.
The ballast has a ballast factor (BF) of
0.95, with total input power of 62 W.
(2850 lumens x 2 lamps x 0.95 BF) 62
W = 87.3 lm/watt.
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Terminology - efficacy

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LIGHT SOURCE

Luminous
efficacy of
various light
source

EFFICACY
(lumens/watt)

Direct Sun (low altitude)

90 lm/w

Direct Sun (high altitude)

117 lm/w

Direct Sun (mean altitude)

100 lm/w

Diffuse Sky (clear)

150 lm/w

Diffuse Sky (average)

125 lm/w

Global (average of sky and sun)

115 lm/w

Incandescent (150 w)

16-40 lm/w

Fluorescent (40 w, CWX)

50-80 lm/w

High Pressure Sodium

40-140 lm/w

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Terminology - Efficiency

the ratio of
luminous flux
(lumens) emitted
by a luminaire to
that emitted by
the lamp or lamps
used therein.

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LAMPS & LUMINAIRES

Lamps/bulbs

Lamps (the electrically powered light source) housed inside

their fittings (luminaires) provide lighting inside
buildings.
Lamps + Luminaires = Light fitting

Luminaires

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Terminology - Efficiency

Luminous efficiency
expresses the
percentage of initial
lamp lumens that are
ultimately emitted by
the luminaire. The
efficiency of a
luminaire does not
necessarily indicate
its effectiveness in
delivering lumens to
the workplane, or its
appropriateness for
the application.

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Terminology - Efficiency

Depending upon
the application,
the less efficient
luminaire, because
of reduced glare
potential, may be
the more
appropriate choice
of the two.

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Terminology - Glare
Glare
IESNA Definition: the sensation produced by
luminances within the visual field that are
sufficiently greater than the luminance to which
the eyes are adapted, which causes annoyance,
discomfort, or loss in visual performance and
visibility.
The magnitude of the sensation of glare
depends upon such factors as the size, position,
and luminance of a source, the number of
sources, and the luminance to which the eyes
are adapted.
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Terminology - Glare
Four most common types of glare, :
by origin

direct glare
indirect (reflected) glare

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Terminology - Glare
Four most common types of glare, :
by effect on people

disability glare

discomfort glare

Disability glare reduces visual

performance and visibility. Discomfort
glare produces physical discomfort. It is
possible to experience disability without
discomfort, and conversely, discomfort
without disability; however, one often
accompanies the other.
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Terminology
Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) a measurement on the Kelvin (K)
scale that indicates the warmth or coolness of a lamp's color appearance. The
higher the color temperature, the cooler the color appearance. Typically, a CCT
rating below 3300 K is considered warm, while a rating above 4000 K is
considered cool.

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Terminology-Color Rendering

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Terminology
Colour rendering

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Terminology

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Terminology - Life

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Terminology- Ballast
A device used with an
electric-discharge lamp to
obtain the necessary
circuit conditions (voltage,
current and waveform) for
starting and operating.
The operation of
discharge light sources,
such as fluorescent and
high intensity discharge
(HID) lamps, relies on an
electric arc passing
between two electrodes.
The electrical
characteristics are
controlled by a ballast.

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Terminology- Ballast
The ballast:
provides proper
electrical conditions to
establish an arc between
the two electrodes
regulates the electric
current flowing through
the lamp to stabilize light
output
supplies the correct
voltage for proper lamp
operation and may
compensate for voltage
variations in the electrical
current

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Terminology- Candella
It is interesting to compare lamps of the same wattage
with regard to luminous intensity. In the following
examples, imagine the lamps aimed straight down, with
0 representing a point directly beneath each one, and
20 representing a point 20 up from 0. Although not
true for all sources, the highest candela values occur at
0 in these examples:
Lamp

Candelas at 0

Candelas at 20

150-W R40 Flood

1,100 cd

820 cd

150-W R40 Spot

5,800 cd

780 cd

150-W PAR38 Flood

4,000 cd

1,100 cd

150-W PAR38 Spot

11,800 cd

500 cd
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