SUBMITTED BY :ABHISHEK KHAJURIA

(14MMB001)

INTRODUCTION
VARIABLE
A variable is an object, event, idea,

feeling, time period, or any other

type of category we are trying to
measure. There are two types of
variables-independent and
dependent.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
An independent variable is exactly what it sounds like. It is
a variable that stands alone and isnt changed by the other
variables you are trying to measure. For example,
someones age might be an independent variable. Other
factors (such as what they eat, how much they go to school,
how much television they watch) arent going to change a
persons age. In fact, when you are looking for some kind of
relationship between variables you are trying to see if the
independent variable causes some kind of change in the
other variables, or dependent variables.

DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Just like an independent variable, a dependent variable
is exactly what it sounds like. It is something that
depends on other factors. For example, a test score
could be a dependent variable because it could change
depending on several factors such as how much you
studied, how much sleep you got the night before you
took the test, or even how hungry you were when you
took it. Usually when you are looking for a relationship
between two things you are trying to find out what
makes the dependent variable change the way it does.

A SIMPLE STATISTICAL MODEL

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DEPENDENT (DV) AND

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV)

In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable

that is varied or manipulated by the researcher, and the

dependent variable is the response that is measured.
An independent variable is the presumed cause, whereas
the dependent variable is the presumed effect.
The IV is the antecedent, whereas the DV is the
consequent.
In experiments, the IV is the variable that is controlled and
manipulated by the experimenter; whereas the DV is not
manipulated, instead the DV is observed or measured for
variation as a presumed result of the variation in the IV.

EXAMPLE OF REGRESSION
Ht. of fathers (inches) 65 63 67 64 68 62 70 66 68 67 69 71
Ht. of sons (inches)
68 66 68 65 69 66 68 65 71 67 68 70
The two regression equations corresponding to these
variables are:
X = -3.38 + 1.036 Y
.(i)
Y = 35.82 + 0.476 X
.(ii)
By assuming any values of Y we can find out corresponding
values of X from Eq. (i).
For example if Y = 65
X would be -3.38 + 1.036(65) = 63.96
Similarly, if Y = 70
X would be -3038 + 1.036(70) = 69.14

GETTING REGRESSION LINES

76

74

72

70

Regression line of X on Y

68

Regression line of Y on X
66

64

62

60
63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

REGRESSION EQUATIONS
Regression equations, also known as estimating

equations, are algebraic equations of the regression

lines. Since there are two regression lines, there are
two regression equations- the regression equation of X
on Y used to describe the variations in the values of X
for given changes in Y and the regression equation of Y
on X is used to describe the variation in the values of Y
for given changes in X.

REGRESSSION EQUATION OF Y ON X
The regression equation equation of Y on X is

expressed as follows:

Y = a + bX
Y is a dependent variable, i.e., we can take a given

value of X. X is an independent variable, i.e., we can

take a given value of X and a is Y-intercept because
its value is the point at which the regression line
crosses the Y- axis

REGRESSION EQUATION OF X ON Y
The regression equation of X on Y is expressed as

follows:
Xc = a + bY
To determine the values of a and b , the following two
normal equations are to be solved simultaneously:
X = Na + b Y
XY = a Y + b Y2

THANK YOU