SZE 3533

Topic V – Radio Digital Modulation

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 5.0 Digital Transmission
Pulse signals from the previous modulation or coding method mormally
are not transmitted in their original form (baseband signal). They will
modulate a carriers that are suitable with the channels used.

• Digital signal can also be transmitted through free space if the

analog carrier signal is used.

• There are three techniques that can be used:

– (ASK – Amplitude-Shift Keying)
– (FSK) – Frequency-Shift Keying)
– (PSK – Phase-Shift Keying)

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Pemodulatan Digi
 5.1 Radio Digital Modulation
• This modulation technique is similar to the analog modulation in which
the modulating signal will vary the ampltud, frequency or phase of the
carrier signal.
• The only difference is that the modulating signal is digital signal :

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 Digital data is used to
modulate the carrier.
The task of the carrier is to
shift the baseband signal
spectrum (digital data) to a
higher spectrum (around
the carrier signal).

Sampling
Quantization RZ, NRZ, AMI ASK, FSK,
Coding PSK
Line Digital
Analog ADC
coding transmission

Block diagram for digital transmission system

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 5.2 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Amplitud, V
-Digital signal is
used to switch the
carrier ampiltude
ωc
w(rad/s)
(low and high).
Unipolar X Amplitud, V
-Also called on-off
1 0 1 1 0
keying (OOK) and
ω m 3ω m5ω m
w(rad/s)
interrupted
= continous wave
ASK Amplitud, V
(ICW).

w(rad/s)
The string of pulses
ω c − 5ω m ωc ω c + 5ω m
from digital signal
will change the
amplitude of the
carrier signal. 5
Pemodulatan Digi
 5.2.1 ASK signal generation

VASK (t)
Vm(t)

Vc(t)

ASK signal generation

Mathematical Analysis :

1 2 1 1 
vm (t ) = +  cos ω m t − cos 3ω mt + cos 5ω mt + ...) 
2 π 3 5 
vc (t ) = Ec cos ω c t where ω c >> ω m

Therefore :
1 2  1 1 
v ASK (t ) = Ec cos ω c t  +  cos ω m t − cos 3 ω m t + cos 5 ω m t + .... 
2 π  3 5 
6 
 If only the 1st 5 harmonics are considered ;
BWASK = 5 x fb => Bit rate,; fb = 2 fm

For unperiodic signal : BWASK = fb

Time domain

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

Spectrum of ASK signal

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 ASK generation/trasmission :
Using multiplier Using ON and OFF switch

vm(t) vASK (t) vASK (t)

vm(t)

vc(t)
vc(t)

ASK receiver :

Using envelope detector Using coherent detector

vASK (t) vASK (t)

vm(t) vm(t)

vc(t)

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Noise or error in digital communication system is measured using Bit Error
Rate (BER).
BER is measured based on the differences between the send and received
bits in period To .
Normally the BER will depends on other factors such the modulation
techniques and SNR (Eb/No) as shown in igure 5.19 (text book).

Eb ( energy per bit )

SNR =
N o ( noise power spectrum density : single sided )

1 Eb
Pe = erfc
2 4No

Eb adalah purata tenaga bagi setiap bit

N o adalah ketumpatan spektrum kuasa hingar satu jalur

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 5.3 Pemodulatan Anjakan Frekuensi (FSK)
Amplitud, V

w(rad/s) The generation of an

Unipolar X X Amplitud, V
ω c1 ω c2 FSK waveform at the
Transmitter can be
1 0 1 0 1 0 achieved by generating
w(rad/s)
= = ω m 3ω m5ω m two ASK waveform and
adding them together
with a summing
amplifier.

ASK1 + ASK2
Amplitud, V

FSK
w(rad/s)
ω c1 − 5ω m ω c1 ω c2 ω c 2 + 5ω m

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Pemodulatan Digi
 5.3.1 Penjanaan FSK

v1(t)

v2(t)

Mathematical Analysis :
v FSK (t ) = v1 (t ) + v 2 (t )
Where :
v1 ( t ) = vm1 ( t ) dan v2 ( t ) = vm 2 ( t ) = 1 − vm1 ( t )
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Taking Fourier series :

1 2 1 1 
vm1 (t ) = +  cos ω mt − cos 3ω mt + cos 5ω mt + .... untuk jalurdasar 1
2 π 3 5 

vm 2 ( t ) = 1 − vm1 ( t )
And ;

Therefore :
1 2  1 1 
vm 2 (t ) = −  cos ω mt − cos 3ω m t + cos 5ω m t + .... 
2 π  3 5 
And we have ;
vc (t ) = Ec cos ω c t ; ω c >> ω m
Therefore :
vFSK (t ) = vm1 (t ) + vm 2 (t )
1 2  1 1 
vFSK (t ) = Ec cos ω c1 t  +  cos ω mt − cos 3ω mt + cos 5ω mt + ...
2 π  3 5 
1 2  1 1 
+ Ec cosω c 2 t  −  cos ω mt − cos 3ω mt + cos 5ω mt + ... 
2 π  3 5 
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BW for FSK signal if up to 3rd harmonics are considered is
given by:
BW FSK = 3 f m + 2∆f + 3 f m
= 6 fm
= 3 × f b + 2∆f

For unperiodic signal :

BW FSK = f b + 2∆f

Where : fb = 2 fm

Spectrum for FSK signal 13

Generation of FSK signal :

Using multiplier

Using switch Using VCO

LPF VCO
fc1 vFSK fm vFSK
The swichting actions will
fc2 produce 2 different
frequencies accordingly
fm 14
 FSK receiver : Unsynchronous
Error probability for
unsynchronous receiver:
 E 
1 − b  EcT
 2 No ; Eb =
Pe = e 
2
2
Where :

Ν ο / 2 , noise spectrum
density
ω c + ∆ω Eb , average energy per bit for
vFSK Logic
vm(t) FSK.
filter
comparator Ec peak carrier ampltude

ω c − ∆ω T, bit period.

The 2 filter will be tuned to 2 different frequencies:

ω c+∆ ω &ω c-∆ ω .
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The output from the filter will determine whether logic 1 or 0 is
generated by the logic comparator.
Example 5.1 :
An unsynchronous FSK system is modulated by a digital signal and
operates at 10 MHz. The frequency deviation is 850 Hz and bit rate is 110
bit/s. The peak to peak carrier signal is 2 V and noise power spectrum
density (2 bands) is 1 x 10-4 volts2/Hz. Calculate the BER for the system.

Solution :

E p− p 2.0 No
Ec = = = 1.0 volts =1×10 −4 volts 2
/ Hz
2 2 2
1 1 N o = 2 ×10 −4 volts 2
/ Hz
T = = = 9.09 × 10 − 3 s
f b 110
 4.55×10 −3 

EcT (1) ( 9.09 ×10 −3 )

− 
1
Pe = BER = e ( −4
 2 2×10 ) = 1 e −11.38
Eb = =
2 2 2 2
= 4.55 ×10 −3 Joule = 5.74 × 10−6
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 Synchronous FSK receiver (coherent detector)
Probability of error (BER)
cos(ω c+∆ ω )t for synchronous detector :

1  0.6 Eb 
Pe = erfc  

vPSK (t) + 2 No
- LPF vm(t)  
Eb , energy per bit
LPF will allow either Ec/2 or – η ο / 2 noise power
Ec/2 which will represent the spectrum density :double
cos(ω c-∆ ω )t output digital signal. sided
erfc, error function

If the FSK signal v FSK ( t ) = E c cos (ωc + ∆ω)t

received is:
vFSK ( t ) = Ec cos (ωc − ∆ω)t
The output from Ec Ec
the amplifier is : vD ( t ) = − [ cos 2∆ωt + cos 2ωc t − cos 2( ωc + ∆ω )t ]
2 2
− Ec Ec
vD ( t ) = + [ cos 2∆ωt + cos 2ωc t − cos 2( ωc − ∆ω ) t ]
2 2
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Example
5.2 :
FSK signal in Example 5.1 is fed to synchronous receiver. Calculate the new
BER and compare with that of BER which uses unsynchronous receiver.

Solution :

Eb = 4.55 ×10 −3 dan N o = 2 ×10 −4 (From Example 5.1)

1 (
 0.6 4.55 ×10 −3
Pe = BER = erfc 
)  = 1 erfc ( 3.69 )
2  2 × 10 −4  2
 
From erfc table (3.69) ~ 1.9 x 10-7
For unsyhcronous receiver :
1.9 × 10−7
Pe = = 9.5 × 10−8
2 Pe = 5.7 × 10 −6

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 5.4 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
The phase of the carrier is
Amplitud, V set to 0o or 180o
depending on the digital
signal.

ωc
FSK signal can be
w(rad/s)
X represented by :
Bipolar
v PSK ( t ) = E c cos[ω c t + φ ( t ) ]
Amplitud, V

1 0 1 1 0 φ (t) = 0 => 1
w(rad/s)
ω m 3ω m5ω m
φ (t) = 180o => 0 , so ;
PSK =
Amplitud, V vPSK ( t ) = Ec cos ωc t <= 1
vPSK ( t ) = − Ec cos ω c t <= 0
w(rad/s)
ω c − 5ω m ωc ω c + 5ω m

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Pemodulatan Digi
BWPSK = fb = 2fm

BWPSK = BWBPSK = fb = 2fm ; The same as BWASK

PSK signal PSK spectrum

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 5.4.1 PSK generation
Using switch

vm(t) Uses inverter to convert binary 1 to -1

signal.
Both signals will be fed to one switch to
vPSK (t)
produce PSK signal.
-1

fc

Using multiplier

vm(t) vPSK (t)

LPF

fc
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 5.4.2 PSK receiver
FKS demodulator must use coherent detector.
The probability of error in the receiver
of PSK :
Advantages of PSK are :
Immune to noise 1  Eb 
Pe = erfc  

The same BW with ASK 2  No 
Multilevel
EcT
Using multiplier
Eb =
2
vPSK (t) vm(t)

+1 atau -1

fc

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Example 5.3 :

Calculate the probability of error (BER) for Example 5.1 using PSK and
compare the BER with the synchronous and unsynchronous FSK.

Solution :

Eb = 4.55 ×10 −3 dan N o = 2 ×10 −4 From Example 5.1

1  4.55 ×10 −3  1
Pe = erfc   = erfc ( 4.77 )
2  2 × 10 −4  2
 
From the table :
erfc (4.77) ~ 1.55 x 10-11 Comparison :

1.55 × 10 −11 Pe = 8 × 10 −8 Synchronous

Pe = = 7.75 × 10−12
2 Pe = 5.7 × 10 −6 Unsynchronous

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 5.4.3 Summary of Digital Modulation
1 1
m(t ) = + [ kosω mt −
1 0 1 1 0 = 2 π
1 1 
kos3ω mt + kos5ω mt − ...
3 5 

ASK 0↔0
=
1 ↔ Ac kos(ω c t )

FSK 0 ↔ Ac kos(ω c1t )

= 1 ↔ Ac kos(ω c 2t )

PSK 0 ↔ Ac kos (ω ct )
=
1 ↔ Ac kos (ω c t + π )
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Pemodulatan Digi
 5.5 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

• One symbol represens 2 bits.

• For example, for 4 different symbols they can be represented by
combination of 2 bits (00, 01, 10 & 11) and the phase will vary from 00 to
3600.
• For binary PSK the phase changes from 00 dan 1800.
• QPSK changes from (π /4) 450, (3π /4) 1350, (5π /4) 2250 to (7π /4) 3150.
• QPSK is better than PSK because of the efficeicy in the frequency
spectrum, η = 2 bps/Hz.
• The code used in QPSK is Grey code .

Dibit Phase
11 45 Mapping of QPSK signal
using Grey code
01 135
00 225
10 315 25
Mathematically they can be written as follow :

v11 ( t ) = E c cos (ωc t + π / 4 ) Mapping is done to separate the

input bits into 2 components, I
v 01 ( t ) = E c cos ( ωc t + 3π / 4 ) and Q.

v 00 ( t ) = E c cos ( ωc t + 5π / 4 ) I => Inphase

Q => Quadrature
v10 ( t ) = Ec cos (ωc t + 7π / 4 )

QPSK signal is given

as :
SQPSK (t) = A cos (ω ct + [2m – 1] π /4) The carrier
phase varies for
Where m = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 dan 0 ≤ t ≤ Ts = 2Tb every 2Tb

11 01 00 10

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 x(t)
ao a1 a2 a3 a4 a5
QPSK is actually 2 BPSK system
t
which has a 90o phase shift
a1(t) I => Inphase between them.
ao a2 a4
even
t
i) Channel I is BPSKI with
a2(t) a1 a3 a5 Q => Quadrature the phase of 0o and 180o
odd t ii) Channel Q is BPSKQ with
2Tb the phase of 90o and
I 270o

I 90o (1)

+ R

180o 0o
R 270o (-1)
(-1) (1)
Channel I Channel Q

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 sin ω ct + cos ω ct
sin ω ct + π /4
3π (-1,1)
/4 10 11 (1,1)
CONSTELLATION
135o 45o DIAGRAM

-sin ω ct sin ω ct

225o 315o

(-1,-1) 00 01 (1,-1)
sin ω ct -
sin ω ct - -cos ω t
c
π /4
3π /4 BPSKI + BPSKQ = QPSK
QPSK spectrum is half of that of
BPSK with the same bit rate.

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QPSK Transmitter QPSK Receiver

QPSK Receiver Operation :

BPF is used to reduce the unwanted signals (noise, etc). The output from
BPF => I and Q signals. Both signals will be demodulated with oscillator
of cos ω ct and sin ω ct signals.

LPF will filter out the high frequency signals after demodulation process.
Output from the comparator is logic 1 if the sample value is positive and
logic 0 if negative.
Binary signal will be produced by the parallel to serial converter.
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Probability of erroror BER for QPSK :

1  Eb 
Pe = erfc 



2  No 

BER is considered as the ratio of carrier to noise power (C/N) at the

receiver input
The relationship between Εβ/ Νο and C/N is given by the following
equation :
C/N is the ration of carrier and
Eb C BW noise power
=
No N fb BW is the bandwidth for noise at
the receiver
fb is the bit rate

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Example 5.4 :
Compare the ratio of carrier to noise power (C/N) needed to send data at 120
Mb/s using BPSK and QPSK if BER required is 10-7 .

Solution :

BPSK : So : C  f b  E b 
=  
1 
 Eb 

N  BW ηo 
Pe = erfc  
2  No  C 120 
=  [13.5] = 13.5 = 11.3 dB
1  Eb  N 120 
10 −7
= erfc 



2  No  Eb
For QPSK : ≈13 .5 (= BPSK)
No
From the table: Eb
≈13 .5
No η spectrum QPSK : η = 2
bps/Hz
η spectrum BPSK : η = 1
bps/Hz BW = f / η = 120 / 2 = 60 MHz
C 120
b

BW = fb / η = 120 / 1 = 120 MHz = [13 .5] = 27 .0 = 14 .3 dB
N  60 
Eb C BW
From : = QPSK system > 3 dB than BPSK to have
ηo N fb the same BER 31
 5.6 Phase Shift Keying M-ARY

• Phase shift keying M-ary refers to the symbol used for modulation system.
• M-ary system used includes 8 PSK, 16 PSK, 32 PSK, 64 PSK and so on.

In general every symbol can be represented by several bits :

M = symbol or level
M=2 n

n = number of bits
For 16 levels system, every level or symbol can be represented by 4 bits
as follows :

0000, 0001, 0010 ..............1111

The larger the no. of level => more complex circuit & higher C/N .

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Table 5.2 is the summary of BER with 10-7 for M-ary system. In the M-ary
system bit rate is normally written as symbols/s or baud rate.

The differences for different modulation techniques, spectrum efficiency, η &C/N

Modulation Spectrum C/N (dB) (Pe = 10-7 )

techniques efficiency,η
BPSK 1 b/s/Hz 11.5

QPSK 2 b/s/Hz 14.5

8PSK 3 b/s/Hz 19.5

16PSK 4 b/s/Hz 25.5

32PSK 5 b/s/Hz 32.5

The increases in energy per bit, Eb will reduce the BER and
increases the performance of the system.

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Figure 5.19 shows the graph of the various BER performance for
different digital modulation techniques. From the figure it can be
concluded that PSK gives the best performance followed by FSK and
ASK for the same value of C/N.

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