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2. Operating System
Case Study: Linux
1
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Reference
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Features of modern OS
Provide a user
interface
Organize files on
disk
Allocating resource
to different users with
security control
Co-ordinate
programs to work
with devices and
other programs
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Before Linux
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
GNU project
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Beginning of Linux
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
"Linux is obsolete".
(Remark made by Andrew Tanenbaum)
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Linux Today
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
AUI
API
Kernel
File
management
Process
Management
Device Drives
BIOS
Computer Hardware
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Kernel
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ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
File Management
Process Management
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Memory management
Device drivers
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Linux is a multiuser OS
Allow multiple users to use the resource of a computer at
the same time
Every user needs to login the system with the password
provided to identify their right in using the resource
Require for both client-server based system or desktop
Linux
Server
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Peter: admin
Paul : general
Mary : intruder
:
Mary Paul
Peter
Client-server based
system
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Traditional Linux (Unix also) uses commanddriven interface (or text-based interface)
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Linux Shell
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whoami
pwd
ls
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
e.g. man cd
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rm : remove a file
man : ask for the manual (or help) of a command
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Some are
character
devices, hence
start with a
letter c
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ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
root /
bin
lib
boot
lost+found
dev
etc
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hd
opt
proc
root
home
sbin
tmp
var
usr
file
fd
mnt
directories
dlun
hd group passwd
guest
bin
lib
local
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Root Directory ( / )
/bin
/dev
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/boot
Contain the special files for devices, e.g. fd0, hd0, etc.
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
/etc
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
/home
/lib
/lost+found
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
/mnt
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
/opt
/proc
/sbin
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/root
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
/tmp
/usr
/var
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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read permission
write permission
execute permission
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Hard
link no
Owner
Owners
group
File last
modified date
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file size
The directory can be
read and executed
but not written by
other users in the
same group of dlun
file name
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Formatted Disk
Sector
Track
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Density of data is
higher for inner tracks
than outer tracks
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
2083
13059
lab1.c
17488
lab2.c
18995
lab3.c
:
:
48
Number of links
File mode
User ID
Time created
Time last updated
:
Location on disk
Lab3.c
Lab2.c
Lab1.c
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Start
execution
Ready
Running
Sleeping
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Finish
execution
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Ready state
Running state
Sleeping state
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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Processes will alternatively get into the CPU one after the
other (called the round robin scheme)
A process will be in a CPU for a very short time (quantum)
For Linux, each quantum is about 100msec
At the time that a process is selected to be in the CPU
It goes from ready state to running state
After that, it will be swapped out
It goes from running state back to ready state
Or it may due to the waiting of an I/O device, e.g. mouse
It goes from running state to sleeping state
When obtaining the required resource
It goes from sleeping state to ready state
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
ready
running
C
B
A
C
B
A
C A
B C A
A B C
B
A
B
Time
C Executes
sleep
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B Sleeps
B Awakes
C Terminates
B
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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}
Print out the value of b
a -> 10
b -> 0
c -> a+b
b -> c
c -> a+b
b -> c
c -> a+b
b -> c
c -> a+b
b -> c
c -> a+b
b -> c
Print out b
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Program B
Set variable d to 0
Repeat 5 times the following
{
Ask user to enter variable e
Set variable f = d+e
Set variable d = f
}
Print out the value of d
d -> 0
User -> e
f -> d+e
d -> f
User -> e
f -> d+e
d -> f
User -> e
f -> d+e
d -> f
User -> e
f -> d+e
d -> f
User -> e
f -> d+e
d -> f
Print out d
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ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Quantum
end
Waiting for
user input
Quantum
end
Waiting for
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user input
b -> 0
c -> a+b
b -> c
c -> a+b
d -> 0
c -> a+b
Program
A
finishes
b -> c
Print out b
f -> d+e
d -> f
User -> e
User -> e
b -> c
c -> a+b
f -> d+e
d -> f
User -> e
b -> c
c -> a+b
b -> c
f -> d+e
f -> d+e
d -> f
User -> e
f -> d+e
d -> f
User -> e
Program
B
finishes
d -> f
Print out d
ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
Terminal pts/1 is
executing ps to see
the processes of both
terminals
ps
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ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
PID
14748
14795
14974
14876
Process ID
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TTY
pts/1
pts/0
pts/0
pts/1
Terminal
name
STAT
S
S
S
R
TIME
0:00
0:00
0:00
0:00
COMMAND
bash
bash
vi test1.txt
ps
State:
S Sleeping
(waiting for input)
R Running
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I
2. Operating System Case Study: Linux
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