Definition:

Preposition is a word, which is used before a noun, a

noun phrase or a pronoun , connecting it to another
word.

Kinds of Prepositions
@ Simple prepositions: Prepositions which consists only
one word.
e.g. in, on, at, with, against etc..,
@ Compound prepositions: Prepositions which consists
of two or more words.
e.g. instead of, in the middle of, by the side of etc..,

There are three types in prepositions

In general, we use:
at

in

on

POINT

ENCLOSED SPACE

SURFACE

at the corner

in the garden

on the wall

at the bus stop

in London

on the ceiling

at the door

in France

on the door

at the top of the page

in a box

on the cover

at the end of the road

in my pocket

on the floor

at the entrance

in my wallet

on the carpet

at the crossroads

in a building

on the menu

at the front desk

in a car

on a page

Look at these examples:

Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop.
The shop is at the end of the street.
My plane stopped at Dubai and Hanoi and
arrived in Bangkok two hours late.
When will you arrive at the office?
Do you work in an office?
I have a meeting in New York.
Do you live in Japan?
Jupiter is in the Solar System.
The author's name is on the cover of the book.
There are no prices on this menu.
You are standing on my foot.
There was a "no smoking" sign on the wall.
I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford
Street in London.

Some prepositions show where something

happens. They are called prepositions of place.

Examples
Sonny was sitting under a tree.
Theres a wooden floor underneath the carpet.
Some geese flew over their house.
John and Sarah were hiding inside the wardrobe.
There was a tree beside the river.
I have a friend who lives in America.

1. At a specific time:

at five oclock

at half past three

2. At a period of time:

at noon

at night

at midnight

at the weekend
3. At a festival:

at Christmas / Mid-Autumn Festival / Easter

1. In a specific month:

in January

in March
2. In a season:

in spring

in summer
3. In a period of time:

in the morning

in the afternoon

in the evening

1. On a specific day

on Sunday

on Sunday morning

on Christmas Eve

on New Years Day

2. On a date:

on 2nd May

on the twentieth of June

To refer to a date, use the

preposition on before a day.
Eg. My birthday is on 1st January.

To refer to a month, use the

preposition in before a month.
Eg. Marys birthday is in December.

Sam went to China ______ November

and came back _______ Christmas. He
arrived
in China ______ the thirtieth of November
______ the afternoon. He stayed with Uncle
Joe ______ the twenty-third of December
_____ night.

Sam went to China __in__

November
and came back ___at____ Christmas.
He arrived in China __on____ the
thirtieth of November __in____ the
afternoon. He stayed with Uncle Joe
__on____ the twenty-third of
December __at___ night.

Cindy usually swims with her family

___
Sundays. They go swimming ____ eight
oclock
______ the morning. Every year she has a
long
holiday ______ summer. She likes
swimming
with her brother _____ the afternoon in the
summer holiday. It is fun.

Cindy usually swims with her family

_on__
Sundays. They go swimming _at_ eight
oclock
__in___ the morning. Every year she has a
long
holiday ___in___ summer. She likes
swimming
with her brother __in___ the afternoon in
the
summer holiday. It is fun.

Some prepositions show where something is going.

They are called prepositions of direction.
Examples:-

The boys chased after each other.

The football rolled down the hill.
A man was walking his dog along the riverbank.
The freeway goes right through the city.
We were travelling towards Miami.

Hearing

Smell

Taste

Seeing
Touch

6 Ways of Using Non-verbal

Communication Skills
Effectively
1.
2.
3.
4.

Eye contact
Facial expressions
Gestures
Posture and body
orientation
5. Proximity
6. Paralinguistic

The eyes are most expressive and direct part of our body.
Different types of eye contact:
Action

Result

Direct eye contact

Confidence

Looking downwards

Listening carefully, guilt/shame

Single eyebrow raised

Doubt, scepticism

Both eyebrows raised

Admiring, encouragement

Bent eyebrows

Sudden focus, intesity

Tears

Emotional - joy or pain

and many more

Smile constitutes the largest part of facial expression

Smiling is a powerful cue that transmits:

Happiness
Friendliness
Warmth
Liking
Affiliation

Head nods, a form of gestures, communicate

positive reinforcement to students and indicate that
you are listening.
A lively and animated communication style captures
peoples' attention, makes the material more
interesting, facilitates understanding and provides a
bit of entertainment.
If you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be
perceived as boring, stiff and unanimated.

You communicate numerous messages by the way you walk,

talk, stand and sit.

Standing erect, but not rigid, and leaning slightly forward

communicates to your audience that you are approachable,
receptive and friendly.
Speaking with your back turned or looking at the floor or
ceiling should be avoided; it communicates disinterest to
your audience

Cultural norms dictate a comfortable

distance for interaction with audience

You should look for signals of discomfort

caused by invading your audiences space

Some of these are:

rocking
leg swinging
tapping
gaze aversion
sitting back
clasping hands behind head

Vocal elements, such as:

Tone
Pitch
Rhythm
Timbre

Loudness
Inflection

...is a dynamic process

...expresses our thoughts and feelings
HOW you say things is as important as WHAT
you say
How it is received depends on the receivers
state of mind

Wilburn Schramm proposed this model in 1955

Considered to be the best of all the theories since it is evolved and comprehensive

For public speaking

A good structure for public speaking:

BEGINING
MIDDLE
END

 BEGINING

Start with a sentence telling your

audience what the main point of
your talk is. Today I going to be
speaking about ...

 BEGINING

Good morning, ladies

and gentlemen
For those of you who
dont know me already,
my names
This morning Id like to
discuss / report on /
present..
If
you
have
any
questions, Ill happily
answer them as we go
Perhaps we can leave
any questions you have
until the end

OK, lets get started

As you know, Im
What Id like to do
today is talk to you
about / show you
Feel free to ask any
questions you like as
we go along
And
dont
worry,
therell be plenty of
time left over for
questions at the end

 MIDDLE

Speak slowly
If you speak fast it seems like
what you have to say isnt
important.

 MIDDLE

Speak definitely
Speak in a way that shows you
believe in what you say, and you
feel passionate about it.

 MIDDLE

Speak concisely
Try to avoid waffling, or
repeating the same phrases over
and over again. Get to the point.

 MIDDLE

Use silence
Dont be afraid just to be quiet
for a few seconds if you cant
think of anything to say, it helps
focus people.

 END

Let the audience know you are

finishing, Well, I have covered

my main points and I just want

to conclude by

Smile.
Pause.
Thank the audience for their
attention and invite questions.

Damian Gordon

I take it you already know

Of tough and bough and cough and dough?
Others may stumble but not you
Or hiccough, thorough laugh and through?
Well done: And now you wish perhaps
To learn of these familiar traps:

Beware of heard a dreadful word

That looks like beard and sounds like bird.
And dead: It's said like bed, not bead,
For goodness' sake, don't call it deed!
Watch out for meat and great and threat,
They rhyme with suite and straight and debt.
A moth is not a moth in mother
Nor both in bother, broth in brother.
And here is not a match for there
Nor dear and fear for bear and pear
And then there's does and rose and lose,
Just look them up; and goose and choose.

And cork and work and hard and ward

And font and front and word and sword.
And do and go and thwart and part
Come, come, I've hardly made a start!
A dreadful language?
Man alive, I'd mastered it when I was five!

fang pang
farce parse
fend penned
finch pinch
flack plaque
flank plank
fled pled
flee plea
fleet pleat

flop plop
flume plume
flunk plunk
flush plush
flux plucks
foes pose
frig prig
fug pug
fuss pus

bale veil
bane vein
bat vat
beer veer
bent vent
bid vid
bile vile
biz viz
bolt volt
bowels vowels
bowl vole

broom vroom
burbs verbs
curb curve
dribble drivel
dub dove
fibre fiver
gibbon given
jibe jive
lobes loaves
rebel revel
verb verve

Dearest creature in creation

Studying English pronunciation,
I will teach you in my verse
Sounds like corpse, corps, horse and worse.

I will keep you, Susy, busy,

Make your head with heat grow dizzy;
Tear in eye, your dress you'll tear;
Queer, fair seer, hear my prayer.

Pray, console your loving poet,

Make my coat look new, dear, sew it!
Just compare heart, hear and heard,
Dies and diet, lord and word.

Sword and sward, retain and Britain

(Mind the latter how it's written).
Made has not the sound of bade,
Say-said, pay-paid, laid but plaid.

Now I surely will not plague you

With such words as vague and ague,
But be careful how you speak,
Say: gush, bush, steak, streak, break,
bleak ,

Previous, precious, fuchsia, via

Recipe, pipe, studding-sail, choir;
Woven, oven, how and low,
Script, receipt, shoe, poem, toe.

Say, expecting fraud and trickery:

Daughter, laughter and Terpsichore,
Branch, ranch, measles, topsails, aisles,
Missiles, similes, reviles.

THE BIKE

How Sentences Work

This short presentation will show you how sentences

work.
What was once confusing will become clear.
What once seemed difficult will become easy.
Enjoy!

Which of the following do you think are sentences?

Autumn leaves twirled gently to the ground.

The park district will open an outdoor ice skating rink in

November.
He smiles.

A SENTENCE HAS 2 PARTS

If you thought all three were sentences, youre right. Length
does not determine what is and is not a sentence.
Regardless of how long or short a group of words is, it
needs two parts to be a sentence: a subject and a predicate.

The subject tells us who or what.

The predicate tells us what about it.

THE 2 PARTS CONNECT

The subject and predicate parts connect to form a
basic sentence, also known as an independent
clause.
Subject

Who or what?

Predicate

What about it?

He

smiles.

Autumn

leaves twirl gently to the ground.

The park district

will open an outdoor ice

skating rink in November.

Another way to describe a sentence is to compare it to a

bike
The subject is one wheel;

the predicate is the other wheel.

These two parts connect to form a stable structure.

A SENTENCE HAS 2 WHEELS

We can have just one word in each
wheel

Children play.
Students
studied.

2 WHEELS
But most of the time our ideas include more details. We
add extra words to the wheels.

The neighborhood children play basketball at the

community center.

Students in the biology lab studied cells under an

electron microscope.

2 WHEELS
Regardless of how much detail we add, the wheels give
the same kind of information. The subject tells us who
or what. The predicate tells us what about it.
Subject

Predicate

Who or what?

What about it?

Randy

loves pizza.

Companies
loyalty.

benefit from customer

Efficient train service will decrease traffic

congestion.

Review
A sentence needs two wheels.
Front wheel

Everyone on our
block

Front wheel

back wheel

Everyone on our block has joined a citizen watch

group.

Review
Heres another example:

Front wheel

The new manager at the

restaurant

Front wheel
wheel

back

The new manager at the restaurant wants to lower

prices.

Review
The subject and predicate can be short.

The baby sleeps.

But most of the time we add more
details.

The four-month old baby now sleeps through the

night.

Review
A subject tells us who or what. The predicate tells us what
about it.

Who or what

Someone
How you play the game
What goes around
The childrens dreams

What about it

has sent us flowers.

makes all the difference.
comes around
have come true.

4 Sentence types

One subject and one predicate That can stand

alone and expresses a single idea
the flood caused much damage
Subject--part of the sentence doing the action
Predicate--action part of sentence

Also called subordinate clause because it will

begin with a subordinating conjunction or a
relative pronoun.
May contain both a subject and predicate, but
it is not a complete thought that can stand
alone
Ex: because the city did not have a sound plan
of evacuation

Subordinate clause begins with a

subordinating conjunction

while the wind blew

because it rained so hard
after the storm passed through town
since the storm ended

A clause that modifies nouns and pronouns.

Usually follow immediately after the words
they modify.
Usually begin with relative pronouns: who,
whom, which, whose, that, when, where, why
Ex: the football player who made the
touchdown

Modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs

Always begin with subordinating
conjunctions. Like adverbs, they always tell
why, when, where, how, under what
conditions, or to what extent
When the storm started
After the storm started

Coordinating
conjunctions
Subordinating
conjunctions

And, or, for, nor, yet, so,

but
Because, since, if, when,
while, since, before, after

Correlative conjunctions

Either . . .or; neither. .

.nor
However, thus, therefore,
instead,

Conjunctive
adverbs:words that
introduce complete
sentences

1 independent clause--no dependent clauses

Hurricane Katrina caused more damage than any
other hurricane in American history.

1 subject and one predicate each with

modifiers

2 or more independent clauses joined with a

comma and coordinating conjunction or a (;)
Hurricane Katrina caused more damage than any
other hurricane in American history, yet most
residents survived.
Most hurricanes cause severe damage; Katrinas
damage was the worst in history

1 independent clause joined with one or more

dependent clauses
Because Katrina was so fierce, many citizens lost
their homes forever.
Many citizens lost their homes because they were
built in a flood plain.

Joins a compound sentence and a complex

sentence; it contains two or more
independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses
Katrina hit the coast with vicious winds and she tore
across the gulf coast with a fierceness never before
experienced, destroying everything in her path.