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Sorption
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
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For some examples of this effect see liquidliquid extraction, it is possible to extract from
one liquid phase to another a solute without a
chemical reaction.
Examples of such solutes are noble gases and
osmium tetroxide.
In pharmacology (and more specifically
pharmacokinetics), absorption is the movement
of a drug into the bloodstream.
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Dissolution
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Ionization
The gastrointestinal tract is lined with epithelial
cells. Drugs must pass through these cells in order
to be absorbed into the circulatory system. One
particular cellular barrier that may prevent
absorption of a given drug is the cell membrane.
Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which
form a semipermeable membrane. Pure lipid
bilayers are generally permeable only to small,
uncharged solutes. Hence, whether or not a
molecule is ionized will affect its absorption, since
ionic molecules are considered charged molecules
by definition.
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
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Adsorption
Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas
or liquid solute accumulates on the surface of a
solid or, more rarely, a liquid (adsorbent),
forming a molecular or atomic film (the
adsorbate).
It is different from absorption, in which a
substance diffuses into a liquid or solid to form a
solution.
The term sorption encompasses both processes,
while desorption is the reverse process.
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
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Adsorption isotherms
Adsorption is usually described through
isotherms, that is, functions which connect the
amount of adsorbate on the adsorbent, with its
pressure (if gas) or concentration (if liquid).
The first isotherm is due to Freundlich and Kster
(1894) and it is a purely empirical formula valid
for gaseous adsorbates:
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where
x is the adsorbed quantity,
m is the mass of adsorbent,
P is the pressure of adsorbate and
k and n are empirical constants for each
adsorbant-adsorbate pair at each temperature.
The function has an asymtotic maximum.
As the temperature increases, the adsorbed
quantity rises more slowly and more pressure is
required to achieve the maximum.
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
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Langmuir isotherm
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straight line:
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and
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Frumkin isotherm
Frumkin isotherm is an extension of Langmuir
isotherm. It states that adsorbed molecules do
interact and affect further adsorption by either
repulsion or attraction of molecules.
GFrumkin = GLangmuir 2gi
BET isotherm
Often molecules do form multilayers, that is,
some are adsorbed on already adsorbed
molecules and the Langmuir isotherm is not
valid.
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
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Adsorption enthalpy
Adsorption is an exothermic process because
energy is liberated, therefore enthalpy is always
negative. Adsorption constants are equilibrium
constants, therefore they obey van't Hoff's
equation:
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Adsorbents
Characteristics and general requirements
The adsorbents are used usually in the form of
spherical pellets, rods, moldings or monoliths with
hydrodynamic diameter between 0.5 and 10 mm.
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
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Activated carbon
They are highly porous, amorphous solids
consisting of microcrystallites with a graphite
lattice. They are non-polar and cheap. One of their
main drawbacks is that they are combustible
Activated carbon can be manufactured from
carbonaceous
material,
including
coal
(bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite), peat,
wood, or nutshells (i.e., coconut). The
manufacturing process consists of
two phases, carbonization and activation.
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University
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Adsorption in viruses
Adsorption is the first step in the viral infection
cycle. The next steps are penetration,
uncoating, synthesis (transcription if needed,
and translation), and release. The virus
replication cycle is similar, if not the same, for all
types of viruses. Factors such as transcription may
or may not be needed if the virus is able to
integrate its genomic information in the cell's
nucleus, or if the virus can replicate itself directly
within the cell's cytoplasm.
Lecturer N.Muthukrishnan, CARISM, SASTRA University