Introduction to Computer Science

(I)
Introduction

T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE

Information Technology in Our

Lives
Digital Convergence
Converting whatever we can in the physical and
communications world to binary on/off signals,
called bits

Text
Voice
Picture
Movie

T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE

 At Home
Email, Internet shopping, virtual museum,
banking transactions, news
Small computers in VCRs, automobiles, airconditioning systems, washing machines,

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 At Play
Group chatting, games, songs and movies from
Internet

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 At Work
Mobile worker
Office software, Database, ERP, SCM, CRM

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 At School or College
Computer-based courses, distance learning

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The History of Computing

3000 B.C.: The Abacus
The original mechanical counting device

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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 1623-1662: Blaise Pascal

French mathematician and philosopher
Built the Pascaline in 1642

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Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

 1642: The Pascaline

A counting-wheel design
A single revolution of one wheel would engage
gears that turned the wheel one tenth of a revolution
to its immediate left

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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 1801: Jacquards loom

Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1753-1871)
Weaving loom
The first significant use of binary automation

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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 Jacquard Loom Salesmans Model

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 1793-1871: Charles Babbage

Envisioned a steam-powered difference engine
and then an analytical engine

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 1842: Bassages Difference Engine and the

Analytical Engine

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 Diagram Showing Method

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 1816-1852: Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace

Punched cards could be prepared to instruct
Babbages engine to repeat certain operations
The first programmer

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1860-1929: Herman Hollerith

Devised a punched-card tabulating machine to
speed up the 1890 U.S. census

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Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

 1890: Holleriths Tabulating Machine

Used a hand punch to enter data onto cards

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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 A Pantograph Punch

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 1874-1956: Thomas Watson, Sr.

In 1896 Herman Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine
Company, which merged in 1911 with several other company to
form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. It was
renamed the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)
by company president Thomas J. Watson in 1924.

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Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

 1920s-1950s: The Electro-Mechanical

Accounting Machine Era
Punched-card technology

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Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

 Punched Card Office

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 1903-1995: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and His

ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1942: The First Elecronic Digital Computer:

The ABC

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
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 1946: The Electronic ENIAC Computer

Dr. John W. Mauchly (middle) collaborated with J.
Presper Ecjert, Jr. (foreground) at the University of
Pennsylvania to develop a machine that would compute
trajectory tables for the U.S. Army.
Used vacuum tubes
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

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Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

 1951: The UNIVAC I and the First

Generation of Computers
Used vacuum tubes in the first generation of computers
(1951-1959)
The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC I) was
developed by Mauchly and Eckert for the RemingtonRand Corporation
The first commercially viable electronic digital
computer

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1954: The IBM 650

IBMs first entry into the commercial computer market
was the IBM 701 in 1953
IBM 650, introduced in 1954, was designed as a logical
upgrade to existing punched-card machines

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1907-1992: Amazing Grace Murray

Hopper
In 1959, Dr. Hopper led an effort that laid the
foundation for the development of COBOL
Found the first bug in a computera real one. She
repaired the Mark II by removing a moth that was
caught in Relay Number II.

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1958: The First Integrated Circuit

The first integrated circuit, a phase-shift oscillator, was
invented in 1958 by Jack S. Kilby of Texas Instruments.

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Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

 1963: The PDP-8 Minicomputer

In 1963 Digital Equipment Corporation introduced the
PDP-8
The first successful minicomputer

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1964: The IBM System/360 and the Third

Generation of Computers
The third generation was characterized by computers
built around integrated circuits
A family of computers with upward compatibility;
when a company outgrew one model it could move up
to the next model without worrying about converting its
data

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Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

 1964: BASIC-More Than a Beginners

Programming Language
Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John Kemeny of Dartmouth
College developed a programming language that a
beginner could learn and use quickly

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Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

 1969: ARPANET and the Unbundling of

Hardware and Software
A U.S. Department of Defenses Advanced
Research Project Agency (ARPA)
sponsorship of a project, named ARPANET,
was underway to unite a community of
geographically dispersed scientists by
technology
When IBM unbundled and sold software
separately, the software industry began to
flourish

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1975: Microsoft and Bill Gates

Bill gates and Paul Allen formed Microsoft Corporation,
now the largest and most influential software company
in the world

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1976: The Apple I

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, along with Ronald G.
Wayne formed the Apple Computer Company

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Source: http://apple.computerhistory.org/stories

 1981: The IBM PC

IBM tossed its hat into the personal computer ring with
its announcement of the IBM Personal Computer

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Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

 1982: Mitchell Kapor Designs Lotus 1-2-3

In 1982, Kapor founded Lotus Development Company.
Kapor and the company introduced an electronic
spread-sheet product, Lotus 1-2-3

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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 1984: The Macintosh and Graphical User

Interfaces
Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh desktop
computer with a very friendly graphical user interface

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1985-Present: Microsoft Windows

Microsoft introduced Windows, a GUI for IBM PCcompatible computers in 1985

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Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

 1989: The World Wide Web

Berners-Lee and a small team of scientists conceived
HTML (the language of the Internet), URLs (Internet
addresses), and put up the first server supporting the
neq World Wide Web format

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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 1993: The Internet Browser

The development in 1993 of the graphical browser Mosaic by
Marc Andreesen and his team at the National Center For
Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) made the web accessible
to everyone.
Marc Andreesen and entrepreneur Jim Clark founded Netscape
in 1994 to create a web browser based on the Mosaic project.

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Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

 1996: The Handheld Computer

The PalmPilot handheld computer was introduced by
Palm Computing, Inc.

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Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

Problem Transformation into

Calculations
Many real problems can be transformed into
calculations. Then, these calculations can
be conducted in computers.
Examples: Image processing, optimization,
ciphering and deciphering, simulations in
dynamic systems

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Personal Computers to
Supercomputers
Personal Computer (PC)
Desktop PC

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 Notebook PC

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 Tablet PC

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 Wearable PC

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Source: http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/publicfeature/oct00/wear.html

 Handheld Computer

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 Workstation
To visualize and solve complex, technical
problems.

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 Server Computers
Applications in business financial, customer
management solutions, decision support data
warehouse, e-commerce, and enterprise
resource planning

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 Supercomputer
In a six-game match, a chess-playing IBM computer
known as Deep Blue defeats chess grandmaster Garry
Kasparov - the first time a reigning world champion
loses a match to a computer opponent in tournament
play. Deep Blue is an IBM RS/6000 SP supercomputer
capable of calculating 200 million chess positions per
second.

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Source: http://www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1997.html

Information Systems
Data processing systems
Transaction handling, record keeping
Primarily for clerical personnel and
operational-level managers

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Source: http://www.lockheedmartin.com

 Management information system

Uses an integrated database and supports a
variety of functional areas
Structured information (for example, a weekly
inventory status report with predefined content
and format)
Applications in hospitals (patient accounting,
point-of-care processing), insurance (claimsprocessing systems, policy administration,
actuarial statistics), and colleges (student
registration, placement)
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 Decision support system

Helps the decision makers, especially those at
the tactical and strategic levels, in the decisionmaking process
Interactive system

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Source: http://cdss.state.co.us

 Executive information system

Subset of DSS
Supports decision making at the executive
levels of management, primarily the tactical
and strategic levels

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Source: http://www.tzuchi.com.tw/medinfo99/3-3-41.htm

 Artificial intelligence
Expert systems, simulation of human sensory
capabilities, neural networks, intelligent agents,
robots and robotics

Source: http://asimo.honda.com/index.asp
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 Virtual reality
Combines computer graphics with special
hardware to immerse users in an artificial threedimensional world

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Source: http://human-factors.arc.nasa.gov

References
A Short History of Computing
Tim Bergin, Computing History Museum American University,
http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/

Computer History Museum

http://www.computerhistory.org

Computers
Larry Long & Nancy Long, Twelfth Edition, Pearson Education,
Inc.

http://archive.computerhistory.org/
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE