Objectives Well learn Declare one-dimensional arrays
Use strings Create multidimensional arrays Initialize arrays Build arrays of strings
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1. Declare one-dimensional arrays
Arrays ? A list of variables that are all of the same type and are accessed through a common name. Form a convenient way to handle groups of related data.
The general form of one-dimensional Array
type var_name[size]; type : data type var_name : array name size : the number of elements
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1. Declare one-dimensional arrays
Declaration of Array type var_name[size]; ex) int grade[5]; grade[0], grade[1], . . . , grade[4]
Index : 0 ~ Size 1
var_name[index] corresponds to a variable.
index range of array[n] : ( 0 ~ n-1 ) Often mistake for ( 1 ~ n )
It can have an fatal effect on the program.
MELJUN CORTES, MBA,MPA,BSCS
School of Computer Information
1. Declare one-dimensional arrays
Declaration of Array
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School of Computer Information
1. Declare one-dimensional arrays
Usually using array
for ( i = 0 ; i < N ; i++ )
a[i] = 0 ;
/* clear a */
for ( i = 0 ; i < N ; i++ )
scanf("%d", &a[i]) ; /* reads data into a */ for ( i = 0 ; i < N ; i++ ) sum += a[i] ;
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/* sums the elements of a */
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1. Declare one-dimensional arrays
The scores array
int scores[9];
MELJUN CORTES, MBA,MPA,BSCS
School of Computer Information
1. Declare one-dimensional arrays
Using array This program loads the sqrs array with the squares of the numbers 1 through 10 and then displays them. #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { int sqrs[10]; int i; for(i=1; i<11; i++) sqrs[i-1] = i*i; for(i=0; i<10; i++) printf("%d ", sqrs[i]); return 0; } MELJUN CORTES, MBA,MPA,BSCS
School of Computer Information
1. Declare one-dimensional arrays
Using array When you want to use scanf() to input a numeric value into an array element, simply put the & in front of the array name. Ex) This call to scanf() reads an integer into count[9]
scanf("%d", &count[9]) ; In C, you may not assign one entire array to another Ex) This fragment is incorrect
char a1[10], a2[10] ;
: : a2 = a1 ; /* this is wrong */
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for(t=0; t<SIZE; t++)
a2[t] = a1[t];
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1. Declare one-dimensional arrays
Example 1. Arrays are very useful when lists of information need to be managed.
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1. Declare one-dimensional arrays
Example 2. This program loads a1 with the numbers 1 through 10 and then copies them into a2.
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1. Declare one-dimensional arrays
Example 3. The user first enters the message, which is stored in a character array. When the user presses ENTER, the entire message is then encoded by adding 1 to letter.
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2. Initialize Arrays
You can give the elements of arrays initial values.
type array-name[size] = {value-list} ; value-list : a comma-separated list of constants that are type compatible with the base type of the array.
2. Initialize Arrays You can give the elements of arrays initial values.
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2. Initialize Arrays /* Squares array */ #include <stdio.h> #define ARY_SIZE 5 void main () { int i; int sqrAry[ARY_SIZE];
for (i = 0; i < ARY_SIZE; i++)
sqrAry[i] = i * i;
Result Element Square ======= ====== 0 0 1 1 2 4 3 9 4 16
printf("Element\tSquare\n"); printf("=======\t======\n"); for (i = 0; i < ARY_SIZE; i++) printf("%5d\t%4d\n", i, sqrAry[i]); } MELJUN CORTES, MBA,MPA,BSCS
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2. Initialize Arrays Exercises Write a program that reads ten numbers entered by the user and reports if any of them match. ====== Mapping Checking Program ====== Enter ten numbers : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Enter a mapping number : 5
5 is in your array[4]. Enter a mapping number : 12 12 is not in your array.
Enter a mapping number : 0
===== Good Bye ~~!! ===== MELJUN CORTES, MBA,MPA,BSCS
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3. Use String String The most common use of the one-dimensional array in C is the string. A string is defined as a null-terminated character array. The size of array must have one byte larger than the largest string.
String constant A series of characters is surrounded by double quotation mark() This is a string, Hello, xyz 123
End of a string mark : null character
\0 ASCII value is 0.
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3. Use String Storing string and characters
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3. Use String String and character array
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3. Use String String and characters
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3. Use String String variables C language doesnt have string type. String variables use char array.
char char char char char
str[11]; str[11] = Good Day; month[] = January; *pStr = Good Day!; str[10] = {G,o,o,d, ,D,a,y,!,\0};
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3. Use String Cs standard library functions for string gets(str)
: reads characters until you press ENTER.
strcpy(to, from)
: is used copy the contents from into to.
strcat(to, from)
: concatenates a copy of from to to and
terminates from with a null.
strcmp(s1, s2)
: lexicographically compares two strings and
returns an integer based on the outcome - s1 is less than s2
less than 0
- s1 is equal to s2
- s1 is greater than s2 greater than 0
strlen(str)
: returns the length of the string pointed to by str
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3. Use String String input #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { char str[80]; int i;
printf("Enter a string (less than 80 chars) : \n");
3. Use String String input #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { char str[80]; int i; printf("Enter a string (less than 80 chars) : \n"); gets(str); /* input the string */ printf(str);
/* output the string */
return 0; }
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3. Use String String input/output function Using gets() and puts() puts(message); printf(%s, message); gets(message); scanf(%s, message); gets() reads characters until you press ENTER. scanf() reads characters until you press blank, space or ENTER.
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3. Use String String input function
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3. Use String String output function
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3. Use String String output function #include <stdio.h> #define MAXCHARS 81 void main(void) { char message[MAXCHARS]; /* enough storage for a complete line */ printf("Enter a string:\n"); gets(message); printf("The string just entered is:\n"); Enter a string: puts(message); }
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This is a test input of a string.
The string just entered is: This is a test input of a string. School of Computer Information
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3. Use String String manipulation function String manipulation library : <string.h> str (parameters)
3. Use String String manipulation function String Copy : strcpy() function strcpy(to, from) ; Copys the contents of from to to. char str[80]; strcpy(str, hello); printf(str);
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3. Use String String Copy
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3. Use String String manipulation function String Concatenation : strcat() function strcat(to, from) ; Adds the contents of from to the contents of to. char str[80]; strcpy(str, hello); strcat(str, there); printf(str);
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3. Use String String Concatenation
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3. Use String
String Compare : strcmp() function
strcmp(s1, s2) ; Returns the result of comparison two strings. string1
string2
Size
Results
Returns
ABC123
ABC123
equal
ABC123
ABC456
equal
ABC123
ABC456
String1<string2
<0
ABC123
ABC
equal
ABC123
ABC
String1>string2
>0
ABC
ABC123
equal
ABC123
123ABC
-1
equal
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3. Use String Return : 0
Return : < 0
Return : > 0
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3. Use String Example String manipulation function
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3. Use String Example String manipulation function
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3. Use String Exercises Write a program that repeatedly inputs string. Each time a string is input, concatenate it with a second string called bigstr. Add newlines to the end of each string. If the user types quit, stop inputting and display bigstr(which will contain a record of all strings input). Also stop if bigstr will be overrun by the next concatenation.
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4. Multidimensional Arrays Multidimensional Array You can create arrays of two or more dimensions`` ex) 10 X 12 two-dimensional integer array int count[10][12] ;
Two-dimensional array 5 X 4 two-dimensional array
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4. Multidimensional Arrays Two-dimensional Array This program loads a 4X5 array with the products of the indices, then displays the array in row, column format.
4. Multidimensional Arrays Three-Dimensional Array Add the size of the additional dimension. ex) 5 X 4 X 3 three-dimensional array float values[5][4][3] ;
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4. Multidimensional Arrays Example
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4. Multidimensional Arrays Exercises Write a program that defines a 3X3X3 three-dimensional array, and load it with the numbers 1 to 27.
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