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Rabano, PECE
VECTOR CALCULUS
letters a, b, v, etc.
Arrows are used in handwriting vectors:
in place of a
A vector (arrow) has a tail called its initial
point, and a tip called its terminal point.
Length (magnitude, norm, or Euclidean
norm) of the said vector is the distance
between the said two points.
field.
Examples: gravitational force on a body in
space, velocity of raindrops in the
atmosphere
Cartesian (Rectangular)
Coordinate System
This is the simplest of the three methods (to be
discussed) in describing a vector accurately
Cartesian (Rectangular)
Coordinate System
Cartesian (Rectangular)
Coordinate System
Using the right hand, the thumb, forefinger,
Cartesian (Rectangular)
Coordinate System
In other terms, the point must be considered
Cartesian (Rectangular)
Coordinate System
Cartesian (Rectangular)
Coordinate System
A differential volume element can be
Cartesian (Rectangular)
Coordinate System
Differential volume element in cartesian
Cartesian (Rectangular)
Coordinate System
The surfaces of such parallelepiped have
Component Vectors
and Unit Vectors
Consider a vector r extending outward from
the origin.
Logically, the vector is the vector sum of
three component vectors lying along the
three coordinate axes.
Magnitudes of component vectors depend on
the given vector, each having a known and
constant direction.
Component Vectors
and Unit Vectors
Component Vectors
and Unit Vectors
A unit vector has a unit magnitude and is
Component Vectors
and Unit Vectors
Position Vectors
Distance Vectors
A distance vector (or separation vector) is a
Components of a Vector
By visualization, the idea is to slide any vector
A ( Ax ) ( Ay ) ( Az )
Components of a Vector
A unit vector aA along A is defined as a vector
A
aA
A
Example: If A = 10 ax 4 ay + 6 az and
Components of a Vector
Example: For vectors B = 5 ax + 2 ay 6 az and
Components of a Vector
Example: Given points P(1, 3, 5), Q(2, 4, 6),
Vector Fields
Recall that a vector field is defined as a vector
Vector Fields
In cartesian coordinate system, the vector is
Vector Fields
Example: A vector field S is expressed in
cartesian coordinates as
125 ( x 1)ax (y 2)ay ( z 1)az .
S
( x 1)2 (y 2) 2 ( z 1) 2
Evaluate S at P(2, 4, 3). Determine a unit
vector that gives the direction of S at P.
Specify the surface f(x, y, z) on which S = 1.
Vector Multiplication
Dot product is the first of two types of vector
multiplication.
The other terms for dot product: scalar
product, inner product.
Given two vectors A and B, it is geometrically
defined as the product of the magnitude of A,
the magnitude of B, and the cosine of the
smaller angle between them.
Vector Multiplication
Dot product obeys commutative law since
Vector Multiplication
Example: Obtain the dot product of the
Vector Multiplication
For two vectors A and B, the cross product or
vector product of A and B is written with a cross
Vector Multiplication
Vector Multiplication
To determine the plane containing both
Vector Multiplication
Cross product is not commutative:
B A (A B)
Example: Find all possible cross products of
unit vectors ax, ay, and az. They must show
alphabetic symmetry.
Application: The magnitude of the cross
product of any two vectors is the area of the
parallelogram taking the given vectors as
adjacent sides.
Vector Multiplication
Example: Obtain two cross products of
Vector Multiplication
Example: Find A x B and B x A given vectors A
and B below.
A = 2ax 3ay + az
B = 4ax 2ay + 5az
Example: A triangle has vertices A(6, 1, 2),
B(2, 3, 4), and C(3, 1, 5). Find RAB x RAC, the
area of the triangle, and a unit vector
perpendicular to the plane containing the
triangle.
Vector Multiplication
For A, B, and C, the scalar triple product is
defined by
A (B X C) = B (C X A) = C (A X B).
The result is a scalar as indicated by its name.
Note that such multiplication is done in cyclic
permutation.
Vector Multiplication
Example: Prove that the scalar triple product
defined by
A X (B X C) = B (A C) C (A B).
Notice that multiplication is done using the
"bac-cab" rule.
In general, note that (A B) C A (B C) and
(A B) C = C (A B).
Projection (Component) of a
Vector in a Given Direction
This is a direct application of dot product.
It may either be a scalar projection
Projection (Component) of a
Vector in a Given Direction
The vector projection of A along vector B (AB)
Projection (Component) of a
Vector in a Given Direction
Example: Let E = 3ay + 4az, and
Projection (Component) of a
Vector in a Given Direction
Example: Three field quantities are given by
P = 2ax az
Q = 2ax ay + 2 az
R = 2ax 3ay + az
Determine: (a) (P + Q) X (P Q); (b) Q R X P;
(c) P Q X R; (d) sin QR; (e) P X (Q X R);
(f) a unit vector perpendicular to both Q and
R; (g) the component of P along Q.
Projection (Component) of a
Vector in a Given Direction
Example: Show that vectors A = 4ax az,
Projection (Component) of a
Vector in a Given Direction
Example: Given P1(1, 2, 3) and P2(3, 0, 8),
Division of Vectors
The division of vectors A/B is undefined
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
The circular cylindrical coordinate system is
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
Circular cylindrical coordinates, on the other
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
The point defined also corresponds to the
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
The unit vector a at a point is directed
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
Unit vectors in cartesian coordinates are not
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
Unit vectors are mutually perpendicular since
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
As the element becomes very small, the
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
A vector in cylindrical components is given by
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
Therefore, to find the cylindrical vector
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
Dot products of unit vectors in cartesian and
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
Example: Transform B = yax xay + zaz into
cylindrical coordinates.
Example: Give the cartesian coordinates of
the point C( = 4.4, = 115, z = 2). Give the
cylindrical coordinates of the point D(x = 3.1,
y = 2.6, z = 3). Specify the distance from C to
D.
Circular Cylindrical
Coordinates
Example: Transform each to cylindrical
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
Dot products of unit vectors in cartesian and
spherical coordinate systems:
Orthogonal System
An orthogonal system is a system in which
dl = dx ax + dy ay + dz az
Differential normal area:
dS = dy dz ax
dS = dx dz ay
dS = dx dy az
dS = dS an
where: dS = area of the surface element
an = unit vector normal to the
surface dS (directed away from the
volume if dS is part of the surface
describing a volume
Differential volume:
dv = dx dy dz
dl = d a + d a + dz az
Differential normal area:
dS = d dz a
dS = d dz a
dS = d d az
Differential volume:
dv = d d dz
dl = dr ar + r d a + r sin d a
Differential normal area:
dS = r2 sin d d ar
dS = r sin dr d a
dS = r dr d a
dv = r2 sin dr d d
Example: In the next figure, disregard the
differential lengths and imagine that the
object is part of a spherical shell. It may be
described as 3 r 5, 60 90, 45
60, where surface r = 3 is the same as AEHD,
surface = 60 is AEFB, and surface = 45 is
ABCD.
vector.
Line (or curve or contour) means a path along
a curve in space.
A dl
A dl
L
A cos dl
A dl
L
A around L.
For a vector field A, continuous in a region
containing the smooth surface S, the surface
integral or the flux of A through S is defined
as
A cos dS A an dS
S
A dS
S
is shown below.
normal to S.
For a closed surface (defining a volume), the
surface integral becomes the net outward flux
of A from S defined by
A dS
S
dv
v
Del Operator,
It is the vector differential operator (gradient
operator).
The del operator in Cartesian coordinates is
defined by
a x ay az
x
y
z
It is not a vector in itself.
Operating it on a scalar function will result to
a vector.
Del Operator,
The del operator is useful in defining:
The gradient of a scalar V, V
The divergence of a vector A, A
The curl of a vector A, x A
The Laplacian of a scalar V, 2V
Del Operator,
ax = cos a sin a
ay = sin a + cos a
a = cos ax + sin ay
a = sin ax + cos ay
az = az
ax = sin cos ar + cos cos a sin a
ay = sin sin ar + cos sin a + cos a
az = cos ar sin a
Del Operator,
ar = sin cos ax + sin sin ay + cos az
a = cos cos ax + cos sin ay sin az
a = sin ax + cos ay
Example: Derive the del operator expression
a
a a z
Del Operator,
Example: Repeat the previous problem in
1
1
ar
a
a
r
r
r sin
Gradient of a Scalar
Some of the vector fields in applications can
Gradient of a Scalar
It is denoted by grad V or V where V is a
Gradient of a Scalar
Gradient of a Scalar
By partial differentiation,
V
V
V
dV
dx
dy
dz
x
y
z
V
V
V
ax
ay
a z dx a x dy a y dz a z
y
z
x
G dl
G cos dl
dV
Consequently,
G cos .
dl
Gradient of a Scalar
Note that from the previous slide, dl is the
max
dV
G
dn
Gradient of a Scalar
dV/dn is the normal derivative.
Conclusively, G has its magnitude and
Gradient of a Scalar
Note the following derived formulas (easily
proved) on gradient:
(V + U) = V + U
(VU) = V U + U V
(V/U) = (U V V U) / U2
V n = nV n 1 V
U and V are scalars; n is an integer.
Gradient of a Scalar
Note also the following fundamental
Gradient of a Scalar
V a is the rate of change of V in the direction of
a. The gradient of a scalar function V provides
both the direction in which V changes most
rapidly and the magnitude of the maximum
directional derivative of V.
If A = V, V is said to be the scalar potential of A.
Divergence Theorem;
Divergence of a Vector
Recall that the net outflow of the flux of a
A dS
S
Divergence Theorem;
Divergence of a Vector
More specifically:
The divergence of A at a given point P is the
div A A lim
v 0
A dS
S
Divergence Theorem;
Divergence of a Vector
The divergence of the vector field A at a given
Divergence Theorem;
Divergence of a Vector
Divergence Theorem;
Divergence of a Vector
The divergence of the vector field can also be
Divergence Theorem;
Divergence of a Vector
Divergence Theorem;
Divergence of a Vector
Divergence Theorem;
Divergence of a Vector
Divergence Theorem;
Divergence of a Vector
Divergence Theorem;
Divergence of a Vector
Gauss-Ostrogradsky theorem
Divergence Theorem;
Divergence of a Vector
Examples: