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Dryer Control
In order to control any process, we
need a good understanding of the
process itself
What is the drying process?
Dryer classifications and types
Process analysis Macro vs. Nano, Micro
Humid air
Dry Material
Equilibrium Moisture
The solids moisture content is a
function of the humidity of the drying air.
The moisture cannot be lower than the
equilibrium moisture content
corresponding the humidity of the
incoming air.
50% RH air equilibrium moisture
Wool 12.5 %
Newspaper 5.5%
inHg
Btu /lbm
75
0.0 5
70
65
60
55
Tw Wet Bulb Temperature Lines
0.0 35
0.0 3
40
0.0 25
35
0.0 2
30
25
0.0 15
20
0.0 1
15
10
ft^ 3/lb m 13 .2
F 4 5 50
55
0.0 4
50
45
0.0 45
0.0 05
lbm /lbm
60
65
70
13. 8
75
80
85
90
95
14. 4
100 105 110
http://www.aktonassoc.com/
Relative Humidity
The relative humidity is calculated as a ratio
of partial pressures:
p
RH 100 *
w
o
w
temperature
is the water vapor pressure at the dry bulb
temperature.
Relative Humidity
The water vapor pressure can be calculated by an
exponential equation:
7071 .3
p 2.04466 * 10 * exp
t 385 .0
6
Batch Drying
If air is passed over a moist solid, air temperature will
be reduced as the water is evaporated. Calculated
through an enthalpy balance:
G
C
(
T
T
)
F
H
i
o
w
v
Ti = Inlet Dry Bulb Temperature
To = Outlet Dry Bulb Temperature
G = Air Mass Flow
C = Air Heat Capacity
Fw = Mass rate of water evaporation
Hv = Heat of vaporization
Batch Drying
The outlet temperature value will be between
the inlet and the wet bulb temperature. The
rate of evaporation dFw is equal to:
d
F
a
R
d
A
(
T
T
)
w
w
Ti Inlet Dry Bulb Temperature
Tw Wet Bulb Temperature
a Mass transfer coefficient
R Rate coefficient
dA Surface Area
Ti
To
Tw
dFw
dA
Hv
Water heat of
vaporization
a R
a = Mass transfer coefficient
R = Rate coefficient
C = Air Specific Heat
dFw aRdA(T Tw )
GCdT dFw H v
Evaporation Model; Air temperature decreases as the moisture is removed from the solid
lbs
hr
1
ft 2 F
G
C
(
T
T
)
F
H
i
o
w
v