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Introduction to Protection Relay

Presented by: Ir.S.Gopinath


Date: 07/11/2012

Contents
1. Intro to RE: Concentrated Solar Power
2. Introduction to Protection Relay
2.1 Electrical system Protection
2.2 Causes & Types of Fault

Contents (cont.)
2.3 Principle of Relay
( Case study: CX-M Relay operation for
11kV VCB)
3. Current Transformer ( CT) & Voltage
Transformer (VT)
4. Relation between Relay and CT/VT

Contents (cont.)
5. I.D.M.T setting of Phase Overcurrent Protection
relay
( Case study: Calculation on Electromechanical
relay ( Overcurrent ) for Radial distribution
system)

1. Renewable Energy: Concentrated Solar


Power (CSP)
CSP systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate
a large area of sunlight, or solar thermal energy,
onto a small area.
Concentrated light is converted to heat, which
drives a heat engine (usually a steam turbine)
connected to an electrical power generator.
Example: 11MW PS10 & PS20 Solar Power Plant

2. Introduction to Protection Relay


IEEE defines a relay as an electric device that is
designed to input conditions in a prescribed
manner and after specified conditions are met, to
cause contact operation

2.1 Electrical system Protection


isolation of a problem area in the system quickly
so that the rest of the system as much as possible
is left continue service.
The five(5) basic features are:
- Reliability
- Selectivity

- Speed of Operation
- Simplicity
- Economics

Some related device numbers are: ( stated in


IEEE C37.2-2008)
- undervoltage relay (27)
- field circuit breaker (41)
- thermal relay (49)
- instantaneous overcurrent relay (50)
- lockout relay (86)
- differential protective relay (87)

2.2 Causes & Types of Fault


faults can interrupt the healty operation of the
power system.
The type and nature of faults in a three-phase

system are normally classified as:


- Phase & ground
- Permanent
- Transient
- Semitransient

Phase & Ground fault

Permenant Faults
- created by punturing or breaking insulators,
breaking conductors and objects falling on the

ground conductor
Trasient Faults
- created by transient overvoltages such as
lightning.

2.3 Principle of Relay


Relay has two mechanical parts:.

- Firstly, the contact(s) of the relay

- Secondly, the device that forces the terminal to


move so-called an electromagnet

Types of relay:
- Electromechanical relay
- Static relay

- Digital relay
- Numerical relay

Electromagnetic Relay
convert a magnetic flux generated by the
application of a low voltage electrical control
signal either AC or DC across the relay terminals,
into a pulling mechanical force which operates
the electrical contacts within the relay.

- Electromechanical relay construction

Relay contact types


Electrical relays can be made up of one or more
individual switch contacts with each "contact"
being referred to as a "pole
Description of the contact types:

SPST - Single Pole Single Throw


SPDT - Single Pole Double Throw
DPST - Double Pole Single Throw
DPDT - Double Pole Double Throw
with the action of the contacts being described as
"Make" (M) or "Break" (B)

- Relay Contact Configuration

- Relays at Jimah MV Switchgear


Example of Protection relays at Jimah electrical
system:
- Lockout relay

- Power relay
- Thermal overload relay

Power relay:

- 11kV & 3.3kV switchgear panel uses MM type


OMRON Power relay for control circuits.

Case study: CX-M relay operation in VCB


control circuit

Lockout relay

- Protect our main system and safeguard our


personnel with the industry standard for
safety and reliability. This lockout relay
applied for protection of:
Generator Transformer & Generator
Unit Auxliary transformer (UAT)
Excitation Transformer

3. Current Transformer ( CT) & Voltage


Transformer (VT)
CT Principle:

- The alternating current flowing in the primary


produces a magnetic field in the core, which then
induces a current in the secondary winding
circuit.

CT symbol:

- CT types applied for medium voltage system


Window or Ring type CT
Bar type CT
Bushing Type Or Busduct
Current Transformers ( BCT )
Wound type Primary CT

VT Principle:
- to produce the system votlages, accurately at low
voltage suitable for the operation of measuring

instruments
- The primary winding is connected across the
supply voltage and low range voltmeter (0-110V)
is connected across the secondary winding
terminals.

- VT types applied for medium voltage system


Cast iron in-resin VT
Capacitor VT
Electromagnetic VT
Cast iron VT with Build-in Fuse type

4. Relation between Relay and CT/VT


The relays are connected to the power system
through the CT and VT.
CT and VT are used to measure the current

and voltage in a circuit of the order of


hundreds of amperes and volts respectively.

- Basic configuration of protection relay in a circuit

- Basic scheme of protection relay and circuit breaker

When current exceeds the normal value, torque produced

will overcome the spring tension to rotate the disc about a


vertical spindle to which a long arm is attached.
The arm moves in the anticlockwise direction till it closes
the terminals 1& 2, and completes the circuit comprising
of a battery and the trip coil of the circuit breaker.

5. I.D.M.T Overcurrent relay


In inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) relay its
operating is inversely proportional to fault
current and also a characteristic of minimum
time after which this relay definitely operates.

- Relay coordination
a. whenever possible, use relays with the same
operating characteristic in series with each other
b. make sure that the relay fastest from the

source has current settings equal to or less than


the relays behind it.
using either time or overcurrent, or a
combination of both.

IEC 60255 defines a number of standard


characteristics as follows:
- Standard Inverse (SI)

- Very Inverse (VI)

- Extremely Inverse (EI)


- Definite Time (DT)

- Relay characteristics & equations

- Relay Time Grading Margin (GM)


The time interval that must be allowed between
the operation of two adjacent relays in order to
achieve correct discrimination between them.

The grading margin depends on a number of


factors:
the fault current interrupting time of the circuit

breaker
relay timing errors
the overshoot time of the relay
CT errors
final margin on completion of operation

- Important terms for I.D.M.T relay setting

The important parameters required for relay setting are

such as:

(i) Pick-up current - It is the minimum current in the


relay coil at which the relay starts to operate
[ Pickup current = Rated secondary current of CT
x Current setting]
(ii) Current setting It is often desirable to adjust
the pickup current to any value.

(iv) Plug setting (P.S.M) - determines the current at


which the relay will start to operate.
(v) Time-setting multiplier (T.M) - controls the
relays disc movement. The position of the
moving contact is usually adjusted by turning
the time multiplier knob, which ranges from 0.1
to 1.0. Calculated by multiplying the time
setting multiplier with the time obtained from
time/ p.s.m curve of the relay.

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