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A Brief
History of
Microbiology
Chapter 1 Assignment
Note: Homework assignments are due at the exam
Nucleus of
Prokaryotic
bacterial cells eukaryotic cheek cell
Fungi
Protozoa
Single-celled eukaryotes
Similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular
structure
Live freely in water; some live in animal hosts
Asexual (most) and sexual reproduction
Most are capable of locomotion by
Pseudopodia
Cilia
Flagella
Algae
Unicellular or multicellular
Photosynthetic
Simple reproductive structures
Categorized on the basis of pigmentation,
storage products, and composition of cell wall
Virus
Bacterium
Viruses
assembling
inside cell
Aristotle proposed
spontaneous generation (384-322 B.C.)
Living things can arise from nonliving matter
Redis Experiments
When decaying meat was kept isolated from
flies, maggots never developed
Meat exposed to flies was soon infested
As a result, scientists began to doubt
Aristotles theory
Flask unsealed
Flask sealed
Flask covered
with gauze
Needhams Experiments
Scientists thought microbes, but not animals,
could arise spontaneously
Needhams experiments reinforced this idea
Spallanzanis Experiments
Conclusions
Needham failed to heat vials sufficiently to kill all
microbes or had not sealed vials tightly enough
Microorganisms exist in air and can contaminate
experiments
Spontaneous generation does not occur
Pasteur Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OmWbRK
W4K8
Pasteurs Experiments
When the swan-necked flasks remained
upright, no microbial growth appeared
When the flask was tilted, dust from the bend
in the neck seeped back into the flask and
made the infusion cloudy with microbes
within a day
Steam escapes
from open end
of flask.
Infusion
is heated.
Air moves in
and out of flask.
Infusion sits;
no microbes appear.
Months
Infusion remains
sterile indefinitely.
Dust from
air settles
in bend.
Form Hypothesis
Collect data by performing experiment
*Interpret results
Peer Review
Publish Findings
If hypothesis is rejected
Form Hypothesis
*Interpret results
Observations
Question
Repeat
Hypothesis
Experiment,
including
control groups
Modified
hypothesis
Experimental
data support
hypothesis
Observations
Experimental
data do not
support
hypothesis
Accept
hypothesis
Reject
hypothesis
Modify
hypothesis
Theory
or law
Observation:
Microscopic analysis
shows juice contains
yeasts and bacteria.
Fermenting
grape juice
Hypothesis
Experiment
Observation
Conclusion
I. Spontaneous
fermentation
occurs.
Flask is
sealed.
Flask remains
open to air
via curved neck.
Juice in flask is
inoculated with
bacteria and sealed.
Juice in flask is
inoculated with
yeast and sealed.
No fermentation;
juice remains
free of microbes
Reject
hypothesis I.
No fermentation;
juice remains
free of microbes
Reject
hypothesis II.
Bacteria reproduce;
acids are produced.
Modify hypothesis
III; bacteria ferment
grape juice into
acids.
Yeasts reproduce;
alcohol is produced.
Accept hypothesis
IV; yeasts ferment
grape juice into
alcohol.
Kochs Contributions
Simple staining techniques
First photomicrograph of bacteria
First photomicrograph of bacteria in diseased
tissue
Techniques for estimating CFU/ml
Use of steam to sterilize media
Use of Petri dishes
Techniques to transfer bacteria
Bacteria as distinct species
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Bacterium 6
Bacterium 5
Bacterium 4
Bacterium 3
Bacterium 2
Bacterium 1
Bacterium 7
Bacterium 8
Bacterium 9
Bacterium 10
Bacterium 11
Bacterium 12
Kochs Postulates
Suspected causative agent must be found in
every case of the disease and be absent from
healthy hosts
Agent must be isolated and grown outside
the host
When agent is introduced into a healthy,
susceptible host, the host must get the disease
Same agent must be found in the diseased
experimental host
Table 1.2 Other Notable Scientists of the Golden Age of Microbiology and the Agents of Disease They Discovered
Grams Stain
Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram developed
more important staining technique than Kochs
in 1884
Involves the applications of a series of dyes
Some microbes are left purple, now labeled
Gram-positive
Other microbes are left pink, now labeled Gramnegative
Gram procedure used to separate into two
groups
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Gram-positive Gram-negative
MODERN DISCIPLINES
Leeuwenhoek
Bacteriology (bacteria)
Protozoology (protozoa)
Mycology (fungi)
Parasitology (protozoa and
animals)
Phycology (algae)
Linnaeus
Taxonomy
Semmelweiss
Snow
Infection control
Epidemiology
Pre-1857
Microbial metabolism
Genetics
Genetic engineering
Buchner
Koch
Kochs postulates
Etiology
Ivanowski
Virology
Beijerinck
Winogradsky
Environmental microbiology
Ecological microbiology
Gram
Microbial morphology
Lister
Nightingale
Jenner
von Behring
Kitasato
Serology
Immunology
Ehrlich
Chemotherapy
Fleming
Pharmaceutical microbiology
Microbial genetics
Molecular biology
Recombinant DNA technology
Gene therapy
Microbial Genetics
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty: genes are
contained in molecules of DNA
Beadle and Tatum: a genes activity is related to
protein function
Translation of genetic information into protein
explained
Rates and mechanisms of genetic mutation
investigated
Control of genetic expression by cells described
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Molecular Biology
Explanation of cell function at the molecular level
Pauling proposed that gene sequences could
Provide understanding of evolutionary
relationships/processes
Establish taxonomic categories
Identify microbes that have never been cultured
Gene Therapy
Inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective
one in humans by inserting desired gene into
host cells
Immunology
The study of the bodys defense against specific
pathogens
Chemotherapy
Fleming discovered penicillin
Domagk discovered sulfa drugs
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Fungus colony
(Penicillium)
Zone of inhibition
Bacterial colonies
(Staphylococcus)