Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Operating Systems
Alternate Book
Principles of Operating Systems, L.F. Bic and A.C. Shaw, PrenticeHall/Pearson Education, 2003. ISBN 0130266116.
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1
Tests
Midterm
tentatively Tuesday, Week 6 in class
Final Exam
as per UCI course catalog, Thursday Dec 18, 1:30-3:30pm
Lecture Schedule
Week 1:
Introduction to Operating Systems, Computer System
Structures, Operating System Structures
Course Schedule
Week 6 - Storage Management
Midterm review and exam, Deadlocks
Introduction
What is an operating system?
Early Operating Systems
Simple Batch Systems
Multiprogrammed Batch Systems
Time-sharing Systems
Personal Computer Systems
Parallel and Distributed Systems
Real-time Systems
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1
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Irvine Sensorium
Hardware Complexity
Increases
Moores Law: 2X
transistors/Chip Every 1.5 years
IntelMulticoreChipsets
Moores Law
Principles ofFromHennessyandPatterson,ComputerArchitecture:AQuantitative
Operating Systems Approach,4thedition,Sept.15,2006
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Lecture 1
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Computer System
Components
Hardware
Operating System
Application Programs
Users
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Control program
Controls execution of user programs
To prevent errors and improper use of the computer
Kernel
Many components running, what to call an OS?
One definition of OS - one program that runs at all times
Called kernel
Everything else: system programs and applications
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1
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Transaction systems
software/hardware combination that supports transaction
processing
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Early software
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Resident Monitor
Problem
Need to distinguish job from job and data from program.
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1
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Supervisor/Operator Control
Secure monitor that controls job processing
Special cards indicate what to do.
User program prevented from performing I/O
IBM 7094
Problems
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Spooling
A type of buffering, to disk
Random access device, unlike tape
Modern: print spooler
Use disk as large storage for reading as many input files as possible
and storing output files until output devices are ready to accept
them.
Allows overlap - I/O of one job with computation of another.
Introduces notion of a job pool that allows OS choose next job to
run so as to increase CPU utilization
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1
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Speeding up I/O
Channel - hardware
components that handle all
input/output operations in
their entirety independently
of the systems' CPU(s)
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Interrupts:
On completion of I/O, device forces CPU to jump to a
specific instruction address that contains the interrupt
service routine.
After the interrupt has been processed, CPU returns to
code it was executing prior to servicing the interrupt.
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1
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Multiprogramming
Use interrupts to run multiple programs
simultaneously
When a program performs I/O, instead of polling, execute
another program till interrupt is received.
Efficiency
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Timesharing
Hardware getting cheaper; Human getting expensive
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Timesharing (cont.)
Interactive (action/response)
when OS finishes execution of one command, it
seeks the next control statement from user.
File systems
online file system is required for users to access data
and code.
Virtual memory
Job is swapped in and out of memory to disk.
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Parallel Systems
Multiprocessor systems
n>1 CPUs in close communication
Improved throughput, economical, increased reliability
Kinds:
Vector and pipelined
Symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessing
Distributed memory vs. shared memory
Programming models:
Tightly coupled vs. loosely coupled
Message-based vs. shared variable
Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1
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K-computer(Japan)
Tianhe-1(China)
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Distributed Systems
Hardware very cheap ; Human very expensive
Distribute computation among many processors.
Loosely coupled no shared memory, various communication lines
Client/server architectures
Advantages:
Resource sharing
Computation speed-up
Reliability
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PlanetLab
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Internet
Connectivity
Massive Cluster
Gigabit Ethernet
Clusters
Massive Cluster
Gigabit Ethernet Clusters
Scalable, Reliable,
Secure Services
Databases
Information Collection
Remote Storage
Online Games
Commerce
MEMS for
Sensor Nets
Real-time systems
Correct system function depends on
timeliness
Feedback/control loops
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Summary of lecture
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