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Changes
Chemistry is the study of matter and it's properties. Every aspect of
these divers' environment, under water and on land,
is some form of matter.
Properties of Matter
The diversity of matter in the world and in the universe is astounding
(fabulous)
Chemistry is the study of matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
Everything around you is matter, including things such as air and microbes,
which you cannot see.
Matter that has a uniform and unchanging composition (as color, odor,
taste, hardness, melting point, and boiling point) is called a substance.
Salt
Water
Color
State at 25
Melting point
Boiling point
Density (g/cm3)
Oxigen
Colorless
Gas
-218
-183
0.0014
Mercury
Silver
Liquid
-39
357
13.5
Water
Colorless
Liquid
100
1.00
Sucrose
White
Solid
185
Demposes
1.59
Sodium chloride
White
Solid
801
1413
2.17
Physical Properties:
Extensive and intensive
(amplio)
(intensive)
properties
(largo)
Compared to solids and liquids, the particles of gases are very far apart.
Vapor did not mean the same thing.
Gas refers to a substance that is naturally in the gaseous state at room
temperature.
Vapor refers to gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or a liquid at room
temperature.
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/states.html
Section 3.2
Changes in Matter
Scientists can describe matter in terms
Physical Changes
Physical changes: Changes which alter a substance without changing
its composition.
Cutting a sheet of paper and breaking a crystal
Chemical changes
Chemical properties relate to the ability of a substance to combine
with or change into one or more substances.
Chemical change is a process that involves one or more substances
changing into new substances. (chemical reaction)
The new substances formed in the reaction have different
compositions and different properties from the substances present
before the reaction occurred.
The crushing of grapes that is part of the wine-making process is a physical
change, but the fermentation of the juice, sugars and other ingredients to
wine is a chemical change.
Conservation of Mass
By carefully measuring mass before and after chemical reactions, it was
observed that although chemical changes occurred, the total mass involved
in the reaction remained constant.
The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed
during a chemical reactionit is conserved.(18th century)
The equation form of the law of conservation of mass is:
Massreactants = Massproducts
The French scientist Antoine Lavoiser was one of the first to use an analytical balance
(p. 63)
Lavoisier's experimental decomposition of mercuryII oxide is one proof of the law of
conservation of mass. Although a chemical reaction is obvious (powder to liquid
mercury), matter was neither created nor destroyed
Elements and
Compounds
Section 3.4
Elements
All matter can be broken down into a relatively small number of basic
building block called elements.
An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler
substances by physical or chemical means.
Naturally occurring elements
Copper
Oxigen
Gold
Element
Each element has a unique chemical name and symbol
Consist of one, two, or three letters.
The first letter is always capitalized and the remaing lette(s) are always
lowercase.
Compounds
Remember:
The matter is classified as pure substances and mixtures.
Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Elements are pure substances that cannot be separated into simpler
substances.
Another classification of pure substances:
Compounds.
Is a combination of two or more different elements that are combined
chemically.
Much of the matter of the universe are compounds.
Compounds
There are approximately 10 million known compounds and new
compounds continue to be developed.
Table salt
Table sugar
Aspirin
Water
Compounds
The chemical symbols of the periodic table make it easy to write the
formula for chemical compounds.
Sodium chloride: NaCl
Water: H2O
Compounds
Unlike elements, compounds can be
broken down into simpler substances by
chemical means.
To separate a compound into its elements
often requires external energy such as
heat or electricity.
The next figure shows the apparatus used
to produce chemical change of water into
its component elements of hydrogen and
one part oxygen.
The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is (the lower case Greek letter rho). Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided
by volume:[1]
where is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. In some cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas industry), density is loosely defined as its weight per unit volume,[2] although this is scientifically inaccurate this
quantity is more specifically called specific weight.
For a pure substance the density has the same numerical value as its mass concentration. Different materials usually have different densities, and density may be relevant to buoyancy, purity and packaging. Osmium and iridium are the
densest known elements at standard conditions for temperature and pressure but certain chemical compounds may be denser.
Shapes of matter
Shape
Space between
particles
Volume
Particle motion
Compressibility
Is it a fluid
or not
Density
Solid
Fixed shape
Yes, definite
volume
Yes- vibrate
Virtually incompressible
No
Yes
Liquid
No fixed shape
Yes, constant
(takes the shape of
its container)
Yes- Vibrate
Slightly compressible
Yes
Yes
Gas
No definite
shape/volume
Yes- vibrate
gas vibrate and move freely
at high speeds
Easily compressed.
Yes
Plasma
No definite
shape/volume
No definite volume.
Yes
but because of the
charged particles
present in a
plasma, it responds
to and generates
electro-magnetic
forces.
Solids and liquids are virtually incompressible because the molecules are already in contact,
there is no possibility of a change in volume with an increase in pressure
A gas is a substance with no definite volume and no definite shape. Solids and liquids have
volumes that do not change easily. A gas, on the other hand, has a volume that changes to match
the volume of its container.
Compress aumenta
la presin y reduces el
volumen
CENSORED
for gases, the density can vary over a wide range because the molecules are free to move.
Plasma state of matter, after the gases, solids and liquids. Plasma state is not ordinarily found in natural state on earth, but
outside the earth and in the stars, it is the most commonly found state.
Solids, liquids and gases are considered as low energy particles which are present in the earth's crust where as plasma is
considered to be a higher energy particle, which normally exists outside the earth. But on earth the plasma state can be
produced under controlled conditions at high temperatures.
is considered as the fourth s