ITM UNIVERSITY

PRESENTATION ON

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

All India Radio (Akashvani)

PRESENTED BY:-

MOHIT MAKHIJA
BETN1EC11083

Introduction to AIR

All India Radio has been a distinctive part of the

Indian way of life since 1937.

Its also known as Prasar Bharti
It is responsible for public service broadcasting in
India through All India Radio
All India Radio has emerged as one of the largest
broadcasting networks in the world.

 AIR have three tier system of broadcasting:

national, regional and local to cater to the needs of

the audience through a large number of centers in
the country.
At the time of independence there were six radio

stations with 18 transmitters covering merely 11%

population and 2.5% area of the country.
AIR Gwalior is at its 50th year (on 15th August

1964) of service now and its transmitter is situated

at Rairu , the transmitter 10 KW MW transmitter
was replaced by 2 x 10 KW MW .

Principle of AIR
Transmitting

A radio wave carries information signal

Signals are converted into electrical signals. A
carrier wave is then produced from the
modulation. The wave is then amplified, and sent
to the antenna that then converts signal into an
E.M. wave.
(Low power to super power transmitters are
working in MW, SW and FM bands to serve
the home including external service.)
Receiving

An antenna on receiving the signal send it to

the receiver this then converts the electrical signal
sends
it
to
the
amplifier
either
a
speaker/headphones jack this is then converted
into a sound wave.

Modulation
Amplification

Reception
Demodulation
Amplification

Transmission

Methodology of Radio
How radio electromagnetic waves are changed to Radio
Waves The sound wave is equivalent to a pressure wave.

Modulating
signal

Microphone

Carrier
Wave

Modulated Wave

ROOM s in AIR
Studio Centre
Broadcast Studio
Mixing
Control Room

Broadcasting chain:
Studio Centre
A studio is a room in studio complex which has been

specially designed and constructed to serve the purpose

of originating broadcasting programs.

The Station consists of Talk Studio booth and sound lock

and playback Studio. Control Room, Recording-Cum

Dubbing Room, Music Studio.

The studio centers in AIR are categorized as Type I, II,

III and IV. The number of studios and facilities provided

in each type are different.

Broadcast Studio
A broadcast studio is an acoustically treated room. It is

necessary that the place where a program for broadcast

purposes is being produced should be free of
extraneous noise

The area of room is insulated from outside sound , the

microphone which is the first equipment that picks up

the sound, is not able to distinguish between wanted
and unwanted signals and will pick up the sound not
only from the artists and the instruments but also
reflections from the walls marring the quality and
clarity of the program.

The studios are to be specially treated to give an

optimum reverberation time and minimum noise level.

Mixing
The level from microphone is quite low and need to be

amplified so as to bring it to the levels of tape

recorder.
Audio mixing is done in following two ways:
Low level mixing
High level mixing

Low level mixing

Required equipments are selected and then outputs
are mixed before feeding to an amplifier. This is called
low level mixing.
Mike

Mixer

Amplifier

 High level mixing

Low-level output of each equipment is pre-amplified

and then mixed. This is called high level mixing

Mike

Amplifier

Mixer

High level vs. low level mixing

Low level seems to be economical because we will be
using a single amplifier but the Quality of sound suffers
in this system In low level mixing, there is signal loss of
about 10 to 15 dB in mixing circuits.
High level mixing system requires one pre-amplifier in
each of the low level channels but ensures a S/N of
better than 50 dB. All India Radio employs High level
mixing.

Control room
For two or more studios set up, there would be a provision for

further mixing which is provided by a control console manned

by engineers. Such control console is known as switching
console.
Broad functions of switching console in control room are as
follows:
Switching of different sources for transmission like News,
O.Bs. other satellite based relays, live broadcast from
recording studio.
Level equalization and level control.
Quality monitoring.
Signaling to the source location.
Communication link between control room and different
studios.

Amplifiers used in AIR

The following are some of the audio amplifiers

used in AIR.
Pre-Amplifier
Pre-amplifier is the first amplifier in the broadcast
chain. The output from a microphone which is at
very low level is fed to its input.
The amplified signals obtained from this amplifier
are given to the program amplifier through a
mixing console.
The normal gain of this amplifier is about 50 dB.
In some pre -amplifiers a variable gain between 40
to 50 dB is provided.
A special feature of this amplifier is that the noise
contributed by this is very low.

Program Amplifier
Program

amplifier provides second stage of

amplification. The output obtained from the fader
box or mixing console is fed to the input of this
amplifier.
The normal input level to this amplifier varies
from -45to 20 dB It has a gain of 70 dB which is
variable from 0 to 70 dB.
The output obtained from the program amplifier is
of a sufficiently high level and can be handled
without the risk of picking up electrical noise.

Monitoring Amplifier
The output available from the program amplifier is

however, not enough to drive loudspeaker.

Therefore, monitoring amplifiers are provided to
boost these signals further.
A part of the output signal from the program
amplifier is given to the monitoring amplifier. The
output of the monitoring amplifier is usually fed to a
bus for further feeding to the loudspeakers
Monitoring amplifiers of different wattage ratings
are used in AIR. But 8 watt monitoring amplifier is
very common

Transmitter
AIR has its tranmitter located at Rairu (18 km from

GWL)
All India Radio uses various MW transmitters in
its network. They are from 1 kW to 500 kW power.
Various power and make of transmitters used are:
1. 1 kW MW Transmtiter BEL, Harris, BE
2. 10 kW/20 kW Transmitter BEL, Harris
3. 100/200 kW BEL HMB 140.
4. 100 kW Thales (Fully Solid state)
5. 200 kW/300 kW Thales (Fully Solid State)
6. 300 kW BBC Tube Version.
7. 500 kW BBC/Russian Transmitter.

Block Diagram of transmitter

100 kW HMB 140 Medium Wave transmitter

Crystal Oscillator
To oscillate at a consistent frequency, the crystal is kept in a oven.
It gives an output of 5 V square wave which is required to drive the
Transistor Power Amplifier.
Transistor Power Amplifier
Oscillator output is fed to the transistor Power amplifier (TRPA).
It gives an output of 12 Watt across 75 ohms. It works on + 20 V DC
(An RF power amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier used to convert a
low-power radio-frequency signal into a larger signal of significant power,
typically for driving the antenna of a transmitter.)

Cooling System Used in Transmitter

In high power A.M. transmitter, lot of power is dissipated in

the valve as the input power is not fully converted into

output RF power due to the efficiency of the amplifier which
never reaches 100%
Different types of cooling are used in AIR transmitter at
present.
a) Air cooling
b) Vapour cooling system
c) Condensed vapour cooling