Final C Elements

Chapter 2
Overview of C
Part I
J. H. Wang (), Ph. D.

Assistant Professor
Dept. Computer Science and Information Engineering
National Taipei University of Technology
C Language Elements
-- Preprocessor Directives
Preprocessor directive
a C program line beginning with # that provides
an instruction to the preprocessor
Preprocessor
a system program that modifies a C program
prior to its compilation
Library
a collection of useful functions and symbols that
may be accessed by a program
Copyright 2004 Pearson

Addison-Wesley. All rights
reserved.
2-2
Figure 2.1 C Language Elements in

Miles-to-Kilometers Conversion Program

reserved.
2-3
C Language Elements
-- Preprocessor Directives (Cont)
Constant macro
a name that is replaced by a particular constant
value before the program is sent to the compiler
Comment
text beginning with /* and ending with */ that
provides supplementary information but is
ignored by the preprocessor and compiler
reserved.
2-4
C Language Elements
-- Syntax for Preprocessor Directives (Cont)

reserved.
2-5
C Language Elements
-- Syntax for Preprocessor Directives (Cont)

reserved.
2-6
C Language Elements
-- Function main
Declarations
the part of a program that tells the compiler the
names of memory cells in a program
Statements
program lines that are converted to machine
language instructions and executed by the
computer
reserved.
2-7
C Language Elements
-- Function main

reserved.
2-8
C Language Elements
-- Function main

reserved.
2-9
C Language Elements
-- Reserved Words
Reserved word
a word that has special meaning in C

reserved.
2-10
C Language Elements
-- Standard Identifiers
Standard identifier
a word having special meaning but one that a
programmer may redefine (but redefinition is not
recommended!)

reserved.
2-11
TABLE 2.1 Reserved Words in Fig. 2.1

reserved.
2-12
C Language Elements
-- User-Defined Identifiers
User-defined identifiers
used to name memory cells that will hold data and
program results and to name operations that we define
Valid identifiers:
An identifier must consist only of letters, digits, and
underscores.
An identifier cannot begin with a digit.
A C reserved word cannot be used as an identifier.
An identifier defined in a C standard library should not
be redefined.
Copyright
2004 Pearson
reserved.
2-13
TABLE 2.2 Invalid Identifiers

reserved.
2-14
TABLE 2.3 Reserved Words and Identifiers in Fig.

2.1

reserved.
2-15
C Language Elements
-- Uppercase and Lowercase Letters
Uppercase and lowercase letters are viewed
by the compiler as different identifiers.
Adopting a consistent pattern in the way you
use uppercase and lowercase letters is
helpful to the readers of your programs.
One style that has been widely adopted in
industry uses all uppercase letters in the
names
of
constant
macros.
reserved.
2-16
C Language Elements
-- Program Style
Most programs will be examined or studied by
someone other than the original programmers.
pick a meaningful name

placing the underscore character (_) between words
choose identifiers to convey your meaning
avoid excessively long names
do not choose names that are similar to each other

reserved.
2-17
Variable Declarations and Data Types

-- Variable Declarations
Variable
a name associated with a memory cell whose
value can change
Variable declarations
statements that communicate to the compiler
the names of variables in the program and the
kind of information stored in each variable
reserved.
2-18

-- Variable Declarations (Cont)

reserved.
2-19

-- Data Types
Data type
a set of values and operations that can be performed on
those values
Data Type int

-10500, 435, +15, -25 32767
Data Type double

1.23 105 is equivalent to 123000.0
1.23e5 or 1.23E5
Read the letter e or E as times 10 to the power.
Data Type char

'A' 'z' '2' '9' '*' ':' '"' ' '
reserved.
2-20

-- Data Types (Cont)

reserved.
2-21
Figure 2.2 Memory(a) Before and (b) After

Execution of a Program

reserved.
2-22
Executable Statements
-- Assignment Statements
assignment statement
an instruction that stores a value or a
computational result in a variable
E.g. kms = KMS_PER_MILE * miles;
Read = as becomes, gets, or takes the

value of rather than equals because it is
not equivalent to the equal sign of
mathematics.
reserved.
2-23
Figure 2.3 Effect of kms = KMS_PER_MILE *

miles;

reserved.
2-24
-- Assignment Statements

reserved.
2-25
Figure 2.4 Effect of sum = sum + item;

reserved.
2-26
-- Input/Output Operations and Functions
input operation
an instruction that copies data from an input device into
memory
output operation
an instruction that displays information stored in
memory
input/output function
a C function that performs an input or output operation
function call
Calling or activating a function
reserved.
2-27
-- The printf Function
function argument
enclosed in parentheses following the function name;
provides information needed by the function
format string
in a call to printf, a string of characters enclosed in
quotes ("), which specifies the form of the output line
print list
in a call to printf, the variables or expressions whose
values are displayed
reserved.
2-28
-- The printf Function (Cont)

reserved.
2-29
placeholder a symbol beginning with % in a
format string that indicates where to display
the ouput value
newline escape sequence the character
sequence \n, which is used in a format string
to terminate an output line
reserved.
2-30

reserved.
2-31

reserved.
2-32

reserved.
2-33
cursor
a moving place marker that indicates the next position
on the screen where information will be displayed
When executing a printf function call, the cursor is
advanced to the start of the next line on the screen if the
\n escape sequence is encountered in the format string.
printf("Here is the first line\n");
printf("\nand this is the second.\n");
Here is the first line
and 2004
this is the
second.
Copyright
Pearson
reserved.
2-34
prompt (prompting message)
a message displayed to indicate what data to
enter and in what form
printf("Enter the distance in miles> ");
scanf("%lf", &miles);

reserved.
2-35
-- The scanf Function
Fig 2.5 Effect of scanf("%lf", &miles);
The name of each variable that is to be given a
value is preceded by the ampersand character (&),
the C address-of operator.
& tells the scanf function where to find each
variable into which it is to store a new value.
Once <return> or <enter> is pressed, the data are
processed exactly as typed.
Fig 2.6 scanf("%c%c%c", &letter_1, &letter_2,
&letter_3);
Copyright
2004 Pearson
reserved.
2-36
Figure 2.5 Effect of scanf("%lf", &miles);

reserved.
2-37
Figure 2.6 Scanning Data Line Bob

reserved.
2-38
-- The scanf Function (Cont)
format placeholder
reflect the type of the variable in which the data will be
stored
one input character is used for a %c
For %lf or %d, the program first skips any spaces and
then scans characters until it reaches a character that
cannot be part of the number.
If you type more data characters on a line than are
needed by the current call to scanf, the extra characters
will be processed by the next call to scanf.
reserved.
2-39
-- The scanf Function

reserved.
2-40
-- The return Statement

reserved.
2-41
General Form of a C Program

reserved.
2-42
General Form of a C Program (Cont)

C treats most line breaks like spaces so a C
statement can extend over more than one
line.
You should not split a statement that
extends over more than one line in the
middle of an identifier, a reserved word, a
constant, or a format string.
reserved.
2-43

-- Program Style Spaces in Programs
The consistent and careful use of blank
spaces can improve the readability and the
style of a program.
Indent the body of the main function and
insert blank lines between sections of the
program.
reserved.
2-44

-- Comments in Programs
Use comments to describe the purpose of
the program, the use of identifiers, and the
purpose of each program step.
program documentation
information (comments) that enhances the
readability of a program
E.g.
double miles, /* input - distance in miles */
kms;
/* output
- distance in kilometers */
Copyright
2004
Pearson
reserved.
2-45

-- Comments in Programs

reserved.
2-46

-- Program Style Using Comments
Each program should begin with a header section that
consists of a series of comments specifying
the programmers name
the date of the current version
a brief description of what the program does
E.g.
/*
* Programmer: William Bell Date completed: May 9, 2003
* Instructor: Janet Smith Class: CIS61
*
* Calculates and displays the area and circumference of a
* circle
*/

reserved.
2-47

-- Program Style Using Comments
Before you implement each step in the initial
algorithm, you should write a comment that
summarizes the purpose of the algorithm step.
Comment should describe what the step does
rather than simply restate the step in English.
E.g.
/* Convert the distance to kilometers. */
kms = KMS_PER_MILE * miles;
reserved.
2-48

Final C Elements

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Chapter 2

J. H. Wang (), Ph. D.

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Figure 2.1 C Language Elements in

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Copyright 2004 Pearson

TABLE 2.1 Reserved Words in Fig. 2.1

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TABLE 2.2 Invalid Identifiers

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TABLE 2.3 Reserved Words and Identifiers in Fig.

Copyright 2004 Pearson

pick a meaningful name

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Variable Declarations and Data Types

Variable Declarations and Data Types

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Variable Declarations and Data Types

Data Type int

Data Type double

Data Type char

Variable Declarations and Data Types

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Figure 2.2 Memory(a) Before and (b) After

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Read = as becomes, gets, or takes the

Figure 2.3 Effect of kms = KMS_PER_MILE *

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Figure 2.4 Effect of sum = sum + item;

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Figure 2.5 Effect of scanf("%lf", &miles);

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Figure 2.6 Scanning Data Line Bob

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Copyright 2004 Pearson

Copyright 2004 Pearson

General Form of a C Program

Copyright 2004 Pearson

General Form of a C Program (Cont)

General Form of a C Program

General Form of a C Program

General Form of a C Program

Copyright 2004 Pearson

General Form of a C Program

Copyright 2004 Pearson

General Form of a C Program

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