An Introduction To

Two Port Networks

The University of Tennessee

Electrical and Computer Engineering
Knoxville, TN
wlg

Two Port Networks

Generalities:

The standard configuration of a two port:

I1
+
V1
_

Input
Port

I2

The Network

The network ?
The voltage and current convention ?
* notes

Output
Port

+
V2
_

Two Port Networks

Network Equations:

Impedance
Z parameters

Admittance
Y parameters

Transmission
A, B, C, D
parameters

* notes

V1 = z11I1 + z12I2

V2 = b11V1 - b12I1

V2 = z21I1 + z22I2

I2 = b21V1 b22I1

I1 = y11V1 + y12V2

V1 = h11I1 + h12V2

I2 = y21V1 + y22V2

Hybrid
H parameters

I2 = h21I1 + h22V2

V1 = AV2 - BI2

I1 = g11V1 + g12I2

I1 = CV2 - DI2

V2 = g21V1 + g22I2

Two Port Networks

Z parameters:
V
z 1
11 I
1
V
z 1
12 I
2

I 0
1

V
z 2
21 I
1

I 0
2

V
2
22 I
2

I 0
1

* notes

I 0
2

z11 is the impedance seen looking into port 1

when port 2 is open.
z12 is a transfer impedance. It is the ratio of the
voltage at port 1 to the current at port 2 when
port 1 is open.
z21 is a transfer impedance. It is the ratio of the
voltage at port 2 to the current at port 1 when
port 2 is open.
z22 is the impedance seen looking into port 2
when port 1 is open.

Two Port Networks

Y parameters:
I
y 1
11 V
1
I
y 1
12 V
2

* notes

V 0
2

V 0
1

I
y 2
21 V
1

V 0
2

I
y 2
22 V
2

V 0
1

y11 is the admittance seen looking into port 1

when port 2 is shorted.
y12 is a transfer admittance. It is the ratio of the
current at port 1 to the voltage at port 2 when
port 1 is shorted.
y21 is a transfer impedance. It is the ratio of the
current at port 2 to the voltage at port 1 when
port 2 is shorted.
y22 is the admittance seen looking into port 2
when port 1 is shorted.

Two Port Networks

Z parameters:

Example 1

Given the following circuit. Determine the Z parameters.

I1

I2

10

+
V1
_

+
20

20

V2
_

Find the Z parameters for the above network.

Two Port Networks

Z parameters:

Example 1 (cont 1)

For z11:

For z22:

Z11 = 8 + 20||30 = 20

Z22 = 20||30 = 12

I1

For z12:

+
20

V1

V
z 1
12 I
2

I2

10

I 0
1

20 xI 2 x 20
V1
8 xI 2
20 30

20

V2
_

Therefore:

z 12

8 xI 2

8
I2

z 21

Two Port Networks

Z parameters:

Example 1 (cont 2)

The Z parameter equations can be expressed in

matrix form as follows.

V1 z11
V z
2 21

z12 I 1

z 22 I 2

V1 20 8 I 1
V
I

2 8 12 2

Two Port Networks

Z parameters:

Example 2 (problem 18.7 Alexander & Sadiku)

You are given the following circuit. Find the Z parameters.

I1

I2

V1
_

+
Vx

V2
2Vx

Two Port Networks

Z parameters:
V
z 1
11 I
1

Example 2 (continue p2)

I1

I 0
2

V
V 2V x
6V x V x 2V x
I1 x x

1
6
6

3V x
I1
2

V1

+
Vx

V2
2Vx

but V x V1 I 1

Other Answers

Z21 = -0.667

Substituting gives;
3V1 I 1
I1
2

I2

V1
5
z 11

or
I1
3

Z12 = 0.222
Z22 = 1.111

Two Port Networks

Transmission parameters (A,B,C,D):
The defining equations are:

V1 A B V2
I
I

1 C D 2
V1
A
V2

I1
C
V2

I2 = 0

V1
B
I2

V2 = 0

I2 = 0

I1
D
I2

V2 = 0

Two Port Networks

Transmission parameters (A,B,C,D):
Example

Given the network below with assumed voltage polarities and

Current directions compatible with the A,B,C,D parameters.

I1
+

-I2
+

R1

V1

R2

V2
_

We can write the following equations.

V1 = (R1 + R2)I1 + R2I2
V2 = R2I1 + R2I2
It is not always possible to write 2 equations in terms of the Vs and Is
Of the parameter set.

Two Port Networks

Transmission parameters (A,B,C,D):
Example (cont.)
V1 = (R1 + R2)I1 + R2I2
V2 = R2I1 + R2I2
From these equations we can directly evaluate the A,B,C,D parameters.

V1
A
V2

I1
V2

I2 = 0

I2 = 0

R1 R 2
R2

1
R2

V1
=
B
V
=
0
I2
2

I1
I2

V2 = 0

R1

Later we will see how to interconnect two of these networks together for a final answer
* notes

Two Port Networks

Hybrid Parameters:

V1 h11
I h
2 21

V1
h11
I1
I2
h21
I1

* notes

The equations for the hybrid parameters are:

h12 I 1
h22 V2

V2 = 0

V1
h12
V2

V2 = 0

I2
h22
V2

I1 = 0

I1 = 0

Two Port Networks

The following is a popular model used to represent
a particular variety of transistors.

Hybrid Parameters:

I1

I2

K1

V1

K2V2
_

K3V1

V2
_

We can write the following equations:

V1 AI 1 BV 2
V2
I 2 CI 1
D
* notes

K4

Two Port Networks

Hybrid Parameters:

V1 AI 1 BV 2
V2
I 2 CI 1
D

We want to evaluate the H parameters from the above set of equations.

V1
h11
I1
I2
h21
I1

K1

V2 = 0

=
V2 = 0

K3

V1
h12
V2
I2
h22
V2

K2

I1 = 0

=
I1 = 0

1
K
4

Two Port Networks

Another example with hybrid parameters.

Hybrid Parameters:
Given the circuit below.
I1

-I2

The equations for the circuit are:

+

R1

V1

R2

V2

V1 = (R1 + R2)I1 + R2I2

V2 = R2I1 + R2I2

The H parameters are as follows.

h11

h21

V1
I1
I2
I1

V2=0

=
V2=0

R1
-1

h12

V1
V2

h22

I2
V2

I1=0

I1=0

1
R2

Two Port Networks

Modifying the two port network:
Earlier we found the z parameters of the following network.
I1

I2

10

+
V1

+
20

V1 20 8 I 1
V 8 12 I
2
2
* notes

20

V2
_

Two Port Networks

Modifying the two port network:
We modify the network as shown be adding elements outside the two ports

6
+

10 v
_

I1

I2

10

+
V1

+
20

20

V2
_

We now have:
V1 = 10 - 6I1
V2 = - 4I2

Two Port Networks

Modifying the two port network:
We take a look at the original equations and the equations describing
the new port conditions.

V1 20 8 I 1
V 8 12 I
2
2
So we have,

10 6I1 = 20I1 + 8I2

-4I2 = 8I1 + 12I2

* notes

V1 = 10 - 6I1
V2 = - 4I2

Two Port Networks

Modifying the two port network:
Rearranging the equations gives,

I 1 26
I 8
2

16

10
0

I1
0.4545
I -0.2273

2

Two Port Networks

Y Parameters and Beyond:
Given the following network.

I1
+
V1

I2

+
1
s

V2
_

(a) Find the Y parameters for the network.

(b) From the Y parameters find the z parameters

Two Port Networks

Y Parameter Example

I
y 1
11 V
1

I1 = y11V1 + y12V2

I
y 1
12 V
2

V 0
2

V 0
1

I2 = y21V1 + y22V2
I1

I2

+
V1

I
y 2
21 V
1

I
y 2
22 V
2

V 0
2

+
1
s

V2
_

short

To find y11

V1 I 1 (

s ) I 2
1
21 s
2 s 1

so

We use the above equations to

evaluate the parameters from the
network.

I
y 1
11 V
1

V 0
2

s + 0.5

V 0
1

Two Port Networks

Y Parameter Example

I1
I
y 2
21 V
1

V 0
2

+
V1

I2

+
1
s

_
1

We see

V1 2I 2

I
y 2
21 V
1

= 0.5 S

V2
_

Two Port Networks

Y Parameter Example
I1

To find y12 and y21 we reverse

things and short V1
I
y 1
12 V
2

+
V1

short

I2

+
1
s

V2
_

V 0
1

I
y 2
22 V
2

We have

V 0
1

We have

V2 2I1
I
y 1
12 V 2

= 0.5 S

2s
V2 I 2
( s 2)

1
y22 0.5
s

Two Port Networks

Y Parameter Example

Summary:

y11
y
21

y12 s 0.5
0.5

y22 0.5 0.5 1 s

Now suppose you want the Z parameters for the same network.

Two Port Networks

Going From Y to Z Parameters
For the Y parameters we have:

For the Z parameters we have:

V Z I

I Y V
From above;

V Y

I Z I

Therefore

Z Y

z
z
11
12


z
z
21 22

y
y
22
12

Y
Y
y

y
11
21


Y
Y

where

Y det Y

Two Port Parameter Conversions:

Two Port Parameter Conversions:

To go from one set of parameters to another, locate the set of parameters
you are in, move along the vertical until you are in the row that contains
the parameters you want to convert to then compare element for element

H
z11
h22

Interconnection Of Two Port Networks

Three ways that two ports are interconnected:

Y parameters

ya

* Parallel

y ya

yb

Z parameters

z za

za

Series

yb

zb

zb

ABCD parameters

* Cascade

Ta

Tb

T Ta Tb

Interconnection Of Two Port Networks

Consider the following network:
I1

Find

V2
V1

R1

I2

R1

+
V1
_

T1

R2
T2

R2

V2
_

Referring to slide 13 we have;

R1 R2

V1 R
2
I
1 1
R2

R R
2
R1 1
R2
1
1
R2

R1 V
2

1 2

Interconnection Of Two Port Networks

R1 R2

V1 R
2
I
1 1
R2

R R
2
R1 1
R2
1
1
R2

R1 V

2
I
1 2

Multiply out the first row:

R R 2 R

R R

2 1 V 1
2 R R ( I )
V1 1
1
2
R

R
1
2
R

2
2
2

Set I2 = 0 ( as in the diagram)

V2
V1

R2 2
R1 3 R1 R2 R2 2
2

Can be verified directly

by solving the circuit

Basic Laws of Circuits

End of Lesson
Two-Port Networks