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Combined Loadings
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Analyze the stress
developed in thin-walled
pressure vessels
Review the stress
analysis developed in
previous chapters
regarding axial load,
torsion, bending and
shear
Discuss the solution of problems where several of
these internal loads occur simultaneously on a
members x-section
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
8. Combined Loadings
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
2. State of Stress Caused by Combined Loadings
8. Combined Loadings
8. Combined Loadings
8. Combined Loadings
Cylindrical vessels
A gauge pressure p is
developed within the vessel
by a contained gas or fluid,
and assumed to have
negligible weight
Due to uniformity of loading,
an element of the vessel is
subjected to normal stresses
1 in the circumferential or
hoop direction and 2 in the
longitudinal or axial direction
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
8. Combined Loadings
Cylindrical vessels
We use the method of sections and apply the
equations of force equilibrium to get the
magnitudes of the stress components
For equilibrium in the x direction, we require
pr
1 =
t Equation 8-1
8. Combined Loadings
Cylindrical vessels
As shown, 2 acts uniformly throughout the wall,
and p acts on the section of gas or fluid. Thus for
equilibrium in the y direction, we require
pr
2 =
2t Equation 8-2
8. Combined Loadings
Cylindrical vessels
For Eqns 8-1 and 8-2,
8. Combined Loadings
Cylindrical vessels
Comparing Eqns 8-1 and 8-2, note that the hoop
or circumferential stress is twice as large as the
longitudinal or axial stress
When engineers fabricate cylindrical pressure
vessels from rolled-form plates, the longitudinal
joints must be designed to carry twice as much
stress as the circumferential joints
8. Combined Loadings
Spherical vessels
The analysis for a spherical pressure vessel can
be done in a similar manner
Like the cylinder, equilibrium in the y direction
requires
pr
2 =
2t Equation 8-3
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8. Combined Loadings
Spherical vessels
Note that Eqn 8-3 is similar to Eqn 8-2. Thus, this
stress is the same regardless of the orientation of
the hemispheric free-body diagram
An element of material taken from either a
cylindrical or spherical pressure vessel is
subjected to biaxial stress; normal stress existing
in two directions
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8. Combined Loadings
Spherical vessels
The material is also subjected to radial stress, 3.
It has a value equal to pressure p at the interior
wall and decreases to zero at exterior surface of
the vessel
However, we ignore the radial
stress component for thin-walled
vessels, since the limiting
assumption of r/t = 10, results in
3 and 2 being 5 and 10 times
higher than maximum radial
stress (3)max = p
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
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8. Combined Loadings
EXAMPLE 8.1
Cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter
of 1.2 m and thickness of 12 mm. Determine the
maximum internal pressure it can sustain so that
neither its circumferential nor its longitudinal stress
component exceeds 140 MPa. Under the same
conditions, what is the maximum internal pressure
that a similar-size spherical vessel
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8. Combined Loadings
pr
1 = ; 140 N/mm2 = p(600 mm)
t
12 mm
p = 2.8 N/mm2
Note that when pressure is reached, from Eqn 8-2,
stress in the longitudinal direction will be
2 = 0.5(140 MPa) = 70 MPa.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
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8. Combined Loadings
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8. Combined Loadings
pr
2 = ; 140 N/mm2 = p(600 mm)
2t
2(12 mm)
p = 5.6 N/mm2
Although it is more difficult to fabricate, the
spherical pressure vessel will carry twice as much
internal pressure as a cylindrical vessel.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
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8. Combined Loadings
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8. Combined Loadings
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8. Combined Loadings
This is necessary to
ensure that the stress
produced by one load is
not related to the stress
produced by any other
load
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8. Combined Loadings
EXAMPLE 8.2
A force of 15,000 N is applied to the edge of the
member shown. Neglect the weight of the member
and determine the state of stress at pts B and C.
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8. Combined Loadings
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8. Combined Loadings
B = 7.5 MPa
C = 15 MPa
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8. Combined Loadings
EXAMPLE 8.3
Tank shown has inner radius of 600 mm and a
thickness of 12 mm. It is filled to the top with water
having a specific weight of st = 78 kN/m3.
Determine the state of stress at pt A. Tank is open
at the top.
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8. Combined Loadings
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8. Combined Loadings
EXAMPLE 8.5
The solid rod shown has a radius of 0.75 cm. If it is
subjected to the loading shown, determine the
stress at pt A.
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8. Combined Loadings
CHAPTER REVIEW
A pressure vessel is considered to have a thin
wall provided r/t 10. For a thin-walled
cylindrical vessel, the circumferential or hoop
stress is 1 = pr/t. This stress is twice as great
as the longitudinal stress, 2 = pr/2t. Thinwalled spherical vessels have the same stress
within their walls in all directions so that
1 = 2 = pr/2t
Superposition of stress components can be
used to determine the normal and shear stress
at a pt in a member subjected to a combined
loading.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
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8. Combined Loadings
CHAPTER REVIEW
To solve, it is first necessary to determine the
resultant axial and shear force and the resultant
torsional and bending moment at the section
where the pt is located.
Then the stress components are determined due
to each of these loadings. The normal and shearstress resultants are then determined by
algebraically adding the normal and shear-stress
components.
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