Basics of Urban Drainage Design and Management

Topic 6
BASIC CONCEPTS OF URBAN DRAINAGE
DESIGN OF URBAN CHANNEL

(Urban Stormwater Management Manual For Malaysia)
MASMA
Types Of Urban
Drainage
System
Intensity-durationfrequency Relations
(IDF Curves)
Calculate Open Channel

Size And Storm Sewer
Estimates Time Of
Concentration
Determine The Peak

Discharge
Design Detention Storage
URBAN DRAINAGE
The drainage system
carries stormwater from
roofs, roads and buildings
through gutters, drains
and channels, and
discharges it into rivers
and creeks where it
eventually flows to the
bays. We need drains to
prevent floods.
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA:

INTRODUCTION
Shaari Haron, CPESC
JPS K elant an.
35%
30%
6%
Al-Mu`minuun:018

Dan Kami turunkan air dari langit menurut
suatu ukuran; lalu Kami jadikan air itu
menetap di bumi, dan sesungguhnya Kami
benar-benar berkuasa menghilangkannya.
Hydrological Cycle
29%
Concept Of Convensional
Drainage System :
Fast
Flow
Local
One Function Quantity
Conveyance Oriented Approach

- Open Drain
Planning and Design Procedures No. 1:
Urban Drainage Design Standards and
Procedures for Peninsular Malaysia 1975
ISSUE: Flash Flood
COS T transfer, accident (life), property > RM 1b/year
Flood Prone Area by States

Flood Prone Area
States
Total Area (km2)
People Affected (no.)
PERLIS
19
13,000
KEDAH
209
124,000
PULAU PINANG
232
510,000
PERAK
535
244,000
1,652
726,000
13,000
130
42,000
81
31,000
JOHOR
2,367
297,000
PAHANG
6,274
615,000
TERENGGANU
2,223
457,000
KELANTAN
1,640
714,000
SABAH
3,241
635,000
11,114
494,000
P. MALAYSIA
15,365
3,786,000
SABAH & SARAWAK
14,355
1,129,000
JUMLAH
29,720
4,915,000
SELANGOR
W.P. KUALA LUMPUR
NEGERI SEMBILAN
MELAKA
SARAWAK
ISSUE: Blocked
VS
Blocked Artery
Blocked Drainage
ISSUE: Quality
Kajian DOE, 2000

52 river basin tercemar oleh Pepejal Terampai
pembangunan tak terkawal
18 river basin tercemar oleh Dissolved Oxigen
effluen industri
33 river basin tercemar oleh amonical nitrogen
animal farming & domestic waste
ISSUE: Development (Uncontrolled)
After Rain
Natural Environment
20cm top soil area 1000 ha = 0.5 1juta m3 water
Development
Kadar pembangunan 0 40%:
Decrease infiltration rate
Kuantiti air larian meningkat sehingga 190%

halaju air meningkat 50% masa tumpuan turun
ISSUE: Requirement Cost
Widening, deepening and

diversion of rivers
Rubbish Traps and dumpsites
Floodwalls
RMK 9
Tebatan Banjir RM 4b
Pemeliharaan Sungai RM 510m
Need changes
PENDEKATAN BARU
Perubahan Dalam Pengurusan Sumber

Air Negara
Kaedah baru menggunakan
pendekatan pengurusan air ribut

Urban Stormwater Management
Manual (MSMA, 2001)
Lebih Mesra Alam
KAEDAH LAMA
aliran cepat ke hilir
Parit Konkrit
PENDEKATAN BARU
Alur Berumput
Takungan Setempat
kawalan di punca
Komponen Utama
Kawalan Kuantiti
Kawalan Kualiti
Kawalan Hakisan &

Mendapan
KAWALAN KUANTITI
Storage Classification
1. On-site storage
2. Community storage
3. Regional storage
small storage
constructed in public open area
large community storage

constructed at the lower
end of catchment
Penuaian air hujan

(Rainwater Harvesting)
kolam takungan
KAWALAN KUALITI
Source control
Biofiltration swale
Composite swale
Vegetated Filter Strip
Oil Separator
Source Control
Sand Filtration
Gross Pollutant Trap

(GPT)
to retain litter, debris

& coarse sediment
Wetland (Tanah bencah)
Kawalan semulajadi
dalam merawat/membersih
air larian & tebatan banjir
Rain Garden
landscape
approach
Pervious Pavement
Inlet/outlet protection
Dramatically enhance the development
increase property value &

quality of life
Dan Allah menurunkan hujan dari langit, lalu Ia menghidupkan

dengan air hujan itu akan bumi sesudah matinya; sesungguhnya
pada yang demikian itu terdapat satu tanda kekuasanNya bagi
kaum yang mendengar
An-Nahl: 65
The Main Objectives Of Proper Stormwater

Management In Malaysia Are To:
Provide Safety For The Public,
Minimise And Control Nuisance Flooding And Provide For The
Safe Passage Of Less Frequent Flood Events,
Stabilise The Landform And Control Erosion,
Protect Property,
Enhance The Landscape,
Optimise The Land Available For Development, And
Minimise The Environmental Impact Of Runoff On Water
Quality
Types Of Urban Drainage System
Open drain - dry
Inlet
Covered drain
Sump
Open - wet
Outlet
Stormwater Management Policy

(Urban Drainage Planning and Design Standard Requirement)
Runoff Quantity Control (14)

Runoff Quality Control (9)
During Construction (ESCP)
Post Construction
Aesthetical (2)
Operation and Maintenance (2)

Runoff Quantity Control

Runoff Quality Control
Post Construction
Aesthetical
Operation and Maintenance
1.
Minor and major system shall be planned both

generally confirm to natural drainage pattern and
discharge to natural drainage system within
catchment as possible.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
2.
Runoff at development site within catchment or

sub-catchment shall be maintained discharged
at the existing natural drainage outlet/s and the
controls discharges shall be less or equal to the
existing capacity of the existing natural drainage


Post Construction
Aesthetical
3.
Stormwater management system must be

designed so that post development peak
discharge rate (2 yr, 10yr, 50 yr and 100yr ARI)
less than the pre-development 2 yr.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
4.
There will be no new stormwater conveyance
system outfall may discharge the runoff
directly into the existing receiving water
without any control.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
5.
All new urban development shall be provided
with a minor drainage system with capacity not
more than the 10 yr ARI.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
6.
The minor drainage system may comprise any

combination of pipe, swale, open drain or
engineered waterway, to be served for the
catchment less than 20 ha.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
7.
Conveyance system for the drainage area from
20 to 40 ha should be designed with storm of ARI
50 years.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
8.
The major drainage system shall be provided for
the development area and the catchment of the
development area equal to or larger than 40 ha.
the stormwater design ARI shall be 100 years.

CONVEYANCE
summary
DESIGN:
1. MINOR
Area:
Less than 20 ha
ARI:
Not more than 10 Year
On-site
2. INTERMMEDIATE
Area:
20 40 ha
ARI:
50 Year
Community
Regional
3. MAJOR
Area:
More than 40 ha
ARI:
100 Year


Post Construction
Aesthetical
9.
The platform (or lowest floor level) in all new
urban development and re-development shall be
protected for regional flooding up to 100 years
ARI with 0.3m freeboard.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
10.
Diversion of runoff to or from other catchment or
sub-catchment is prohibited (not permitted).


Post Construction
Aesthetical
11.
An adequate drainage reserve shall be provided
for stormwater conveyance located within private
lot to provide access for maintenance.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
12.
The construction of Onsite Storage Detention
(OSD) facilities can be allowed to serve the small
drainage area up to 0.1 ha only. For the area
more than that, the community detention/
retention facilities should be provided.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
13.
Adequate storage shall be provided for the
detention pond to store the post-development
design flows of 1 in 100 years ARI from the
catchment without overflow the secondary
outlet (spillway).


Post Construction
Aesthetical
14.
Primary outlets for the detention pond shall be
designed to reduce post-development peak
flows from the pond must not exceed the predevelopment peaks flows of 2 year (minor
primary outlet).


Post Construction
Aesthetical
1.
No land clearing shall be allowed for the
construction site before the installation of
sediment control facilities onsite.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
2.
The erosion and sedimentation controls shall be

provided on all land development and building
project to prevent up to the maximum extent
possible, the transport of the sediment from the
project site resulting from clearing and grading
or others land disturbing activities.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
3.
The adequate sediment pond or sediment trap

shall be provided prior to sediment
rotate/release from the site.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
4.
Sediment pond / trap / basin should retain a

minimum 70% of coarse of sediment > 0.02 mm
for storm up to or including 3 months ARI (ie. 40
mm rainfall) for construction period < 2 years
and 6 months ARI (ie. 50 mm rainfall) for
construction > 2 years to be completed.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
5.
5. The Erosion Sedimentation Control Plan

(ESCP) should be submitted for project area
more than 1.0 ha. The plans must be prepared
based on construction activities staging which
are during land grading & earthworks (pre-bulk
grading plan) and construction stage (post-bulk
grading plan). For the project area less than 1.0
ha, the developer shall submit BMP plan to
control erosion and sedimentation.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
6.
Erosion and sedimentation control must be
implemented during construction and during
any land disturbance activities (earthworks
phase).


Post Construction
Aesthetical
KELODAK DI PANTAI BARAT
1.
No new stormwater conveyance outfall may
discharge the untreated runoff directly to any
receiving water of the area.

2.
Any stormwater (runoff) discharges to

Environmental Sensitive Area (ESA) must utilize
certain BMPs approved for that area.
CleansAll 900

Post Construction
Aesthetical


Post Construction
Aesthetical
3.
The use of infiltration practices without pretreatment is prohibited


Post Construction
Aesthetical
1.
Stormwater management system shall be
designed with appropriate aesthetic value
to enhance the appearance of the area
with proper landscaping.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
2.
The proper landscaping is required for any

proposed engineered waterway,
watercourse management and proposed
detention pond.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
1.
All stormwater management system design

need to take into account for easy and
adequate access for maintenance and the
continuation of maintenance requirement.


Post Construction
Aesthetical
2.
All stormwater management system must

have the O&M plan and schedule to ensure
the system function as per design.
Runoff Estimation
(Rational Method)
ESTIMATION METHOD
HYDROGRAPH
RATIONAL
Simplified method
Conveyance design discharge
Up to 80 ha
Assumptions:
Time Area
Kinematic Wave
Non-linear Reservoir
Qp occurs by flow contribution of entire catchment

Uniform intensity over entire catchment
Uniform intensity over tc
n ARI of intensity n ARI peak flow
RATIONAL FORMULA
y
Qy = C x It x A
Eqn. 14.7
360
Qy = y year ARI peak flow (m3/s)
C = runoff coefficient
y
It = y year ARI intensity over time of

concentration (mm/hr)
A = drainage area (ha)
General Procedure for Estimating Peak Flow for a

Single Sub-Catchment using Rational Method
Select design ARI
Discretise sub- catchment
Estimate time of concentration
Determine average rainfall intensity,

ylt
Estimate runoff coefficients
Calculate average runoff coefficient
Calculate peak flow rate for the subcatchment
Rational Method Calculation Worked Example

To determine the design peak for flow generated from a
minor drainage of medium density residential area of 10
hectares in Kuala Lumpur. Assume 80 m of overland
flow followed by 400 m of flow in an open drain.
Catchment area average slope = 0.5%.
Catchment
Area 10 ha
Main Drain
River
1) Select design ARI
Select design ARI for both minor &

major drainage systems
Table 4.1 : Design Storm ARIs for Urban Stormwater Systems

Type of Development
Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) of

Design Storm (year)
(See Note 1)
Quantity
Minor
System
Major System
(see Note 2 and 3)
Open Space, Parks and Agricultural

Land in urban areas
up to 100
Residential:
Low density
Medium density
High density
Commercial, Business and Industrial
Other than CBD
2
5
10
up to 100
up to 100
up to 100
up to 100
Commercial, Business, Industrial in

Central Business District (CBD) areas of
Large Cities
10
up to 100
Quality
3 month ARI
(for all types of
development)
2) Discretise subcatchment
Devide sub-catchment
into segments of
homogeneous land use
or surface slope
Catchment area average slope = 0.5%.
Estimate overland flow time
3) Estimate time of concentration
Estimate flow times for all other flow

components within the sub-catchment
such as kerb gutters, pipe and
channels, etc.
4) Determine average Calculate ylt for design ARI of y

years & duration equal to the
y
rainfall intensity, lt
time of concentration, from IDF
data for area of interest
Table 13.2 Coefficients of the Fitted IDF Equation for Kuala Lumpur
(data period 1953-1983); Validity: 30t1000 minutes
Devide sub-catchment
5) Estimate runoff coefficients into segments of
homogeneous land use
or surface slope
6) Calculate average runoff

coefficient
Design Chart 14.3 : Runoff Coefficients for Urban Catchments
1.0
0.9
2
0.8
0.7
4
Runoff Coefficient, C
0.6
0.5
0.4
7
0.3
8
0.2
0.1
Im per vi ous Roof s , C oncrete

Ci ty Areas Ful l and Sol idly Bui lt Up
Surf ac e C lay, Poor Paving, Sands tone Roc k

Com m erc ial & Ci ty Areas Clos ely Bui lt Up
Semi Detac hed Hous es
Bare Earth, Earth with Sands tone O utcrops

Ur ban Res idential Full y Buil t Up wi th Li m ited Gardens
Bare Loam, Suburban Resi denti al wit h Gardens
Widely Detac hed Hous es on O rdi nary Loam

Suburban Ful ly Buil t Upon Sand Strata
Park Lawns
Cul tivated Fi el ds
Sand Strata
on B ar e Earth
and Meadows
wi th Good Growth
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Rainfall Intensity ,
110
120
(mm/hr)
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
7) Calculate peak flow rate for

the sub-catchment
Calculate peak flow rate
Qy = C.ylt . A
360
Exercise 6a
Based on the information below,
determine the peak flow of residential area
in Malacca by using Urban Stormwater
Management Manual For Malaysia
(MSMA).
Housing area
Residential density
Drainage type
Length of overland flow
Length of the drain
Slope average
=
=
=
=
=
=
20 hectares
high density
major drainage
80 m
400 m
1%
Exercise 6b
Determine the design peak for flow
generate from minor drainage of high
density residential area of 20 hectares in
Kuala Lumpur. Assume 100 m of
overland flow followed by 300 m of flow in
a open drain. The catchment area
average slope is 0.2 %

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Topic 6

BASIC CONCEPTS OF URBAN DRAINAGE

DESIGN OF URBAN CHANNEL

Calculate Open Channel

Determine The Peak

Design Detention Storage

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA:

Conveyance Oriented Approach

ISSUE: Flash Flood

COS T transfer, accident (life), property > RM 1b/year

Flood Prone Area by States

Total Area (km2)

People Affected (no.)

SABAH & SARAWAK

Kajian DOE, 2000

ISSUE: Development (Uncontrolled)

20cm top soil area 1000 ha = 0.5 1juta m3 water

Kadar pembangunan 0 40%:

Decrease infiltration rate

Kuantiti air larian meningkat sehingga 190%

ISSUE: Requirement Cost

Widening, deepening and

Rubbish Traps and dumpsites

Perubahan Dalam Pengurusan Sumber

pendekatan pengurusan air ribut

Lebih Mesra Alam

Kawalan Hakisan &

constructed in public open area

large community storage

Penuaian air hujan

Vegetated Filter Strip

Gross Pollutant Trap

to retain litter, debris

Wetland (Tanah bencah)

Dramatically enhance the development

increase property value &

Dan Allah menurunkan hujan dari langit, lalu Ia menghidupkan

The Main Objectives Of Proper Stormwater

Types Of Urban Drainage System

Open drain - dry

Stormwater Management Policy

Runoff Quantity Control (14)

Stormwater Management Policy

Runoff Quantity Control

Minor and major system shall be planned both

Stormwater Management Policy

Runoff Quantity Control

Runoff at development site within catchment or

Stormwater Management Policy

Runoff Quantity Control

Stormwater management system must be

Stormwater Management Policy

Runoff Quantity Control

Stormwater Management Policy

Runoff Quantity Control

Stormwater Management Policy

Runoff Quantity Control

The minor drainage system may comprise any

Stormwater Management Policy

Runoff Quantity Control

Stormwater Management Policy

Runoff Quantity Control

Stormwater Management Policy