Heat of reaction = amount of heat that must be

added or removed during a chemical reaction.

Enthalpy = amount of heat content used or released

in a system at constant pressure.

Enthalpy is expressed as the change in enthalpy.

The change in enthalpy is related to a change in

internal energy (U) and a change in the volume (V),
which is multiplied by the constant pressure of the
system.

Heat of reaction can be calculated from heat of

formation data.
Hr = ( Hf of products) ( Hf of reactants)

H and Hrxn

= represents the change in the enthalpy;

(Hproducts -Hreactants)
a positive value indicates the products have
greater enthalpy, or that it is an endothermic
reaction (heat is required)
a negative value indicates the reactants have
greater enthalpy, or that it is an exothermic
reaction (heat is produced)

Internal energy of reaction,U r

Internal energy occur when the reaction takes place

in a closed reactor at constant volume.

U r = H r RT( gas productvi - gas reactnt vi )

There are two ways to calculate H (enthalpy) :

By experimentally(using calorimeter)
By numerically
H= vp Hf(products) - vr Hf(reactants)
Where:
Vp = stoichiometric coefficient of the product from
the balanced reaction
Vr = stoichiometric coefficient of the reactant from
the balanced reaction
Hof = standard enthalpy of formation for the
reactants or the products

EXAMPLE:
Calculate the value of Ho for the reaction:
2 S (g) + 2 OF2 (g)
SO2 (g) + SF4 (g)
When
OF2 (g) + H2O(l)
O2 (g) + 2HF(g) Ho = -277 kJ
SF4 (g) + 2 H2O (l)
SO2(g) + 4HF(g) Ho = -828 kJ
S(g) + O2 (g)
SO2 (g)
Ho = -297 kJ

SOLUTION:
( OF2 (g) + H2O (l)
(SF4 (g) + 2 H2O(l)
( S(g) + O2 (g )

2 OF2 (g) +2H2O (l)

SO2 (g) + 4HF (g)
2 S (g) + 2 O2 (g)
2 S (g) + 2 OF2

O2 (g) + 2HF(g) Ho = -277 kJ ) x 2

SO2 (g) + 4HF(g) Ho = -828 kJ ) FLIP
SO2 (g)
Ho = -297 kJ ) x 2

2 O2 (g) + 4 HF (g)
SF4 (g) + 2 H2O (l)
2 SO2 (g)
SO2 (g) + SF4 (g)

Ho = -277 kJ x 2
= -554 kJ
Ho = -828 kJ
+ 828 kJ
Ho = -297 kJ x 2 = -594 kJ
Ho = -320 kJ

Formation reactions are chemical reactions that form

one mole of substance from its constituent elements
in their standard states.

Heat formation = the measure of energy released or

consumed when one mole of substance in standard
state ( 1atm and 298.15 K ) is formed from its pure
elements under the same conditions

H = ( Hf) (products) - ( Hf) (reactants)

Draw and label

a flowchart

Two methods are

commonly used to
choose reference states
for enthalphy
calculations and to
calculate specific
enthalpies and H.

Use material
balances and phase
equilibrium
relationship such
as Roult's Law to
determine as many
stream component
amounts as flow
rate as possible

Choose
reference states
for specific
enthalphy
calculations and
prepare and fill
in an inlet-outlet
enthalphy table

Calculate H,
subtitute the
calculated value
in the appropriate
form of the
energy balances
question and
complete the
required
calculation

Standard heat of combustion of a subtance Hc is

the heat of combustion of that subtance with oxygen
to yield specified products at standard condition(25C
and 1 atm )

HC = [Hc (reactants) ]
[Hc(products)]

The standard heat of reaction

C2H4(g) + 2 CI2(g)
C2HCI3(l)+H2(g)+HCI(g) is

H r = -420.8kJ/mol. Calculate U r for this

reaction.