B.

Tech Admission in India

By:
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Composite Beams and Columns

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General Provisions
When determining load effects in members and
connections of a structure with composite
members consider effective sections at the time
each increment of load is applied.
Properties of the concrete and reinforcing steel
are per ACI 318
Available strength of members is from either
plastic stress distribution or strain compatibility
Tensile strength of concrete is assumed to be zero
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Plastic Stress Distribution

Available strength assumes steel has hit yield
stress in either tension or compression, and
the concrete in compression is at 085 fc
This method is typically used for regular sections

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Strain compatibility method

Linear strain distribution across the section is
assumed.
Maximum concrete compressive strain of
0.003 is used
We use this method in Structures:
Compressive

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Encased composite columns

Cross-sectional area of steel must be at least
1% of total cross-section
Concrete encasement must be reinforced with
continuous longitudinal bars and lateral
ties/spirals
Transverse reinforcement 0.009 in2/in

Reinforcement ratio must be at least 0.004

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Available Compressive Strength

For axial load encased column, limit case of flexural
buckling
fc = 0.75 and Wc = 2.00

P0 Assy Asrssr 0.85 Ac f c'

P0 = nominal elastic compressive strength without length effects

(kips)
As = area of steel section (in2)
Asr = area of continuous reinforcing bars (in2)
Ac = area of concrete (in2)
sy = yield strength of steel section (ksi)
syr = yield strength of reinforcement (ksi)
fc = concrete compressive strength (ksi)

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Elastic buckling strength

EIeff
2

Pe

KL

EIeff = effective rigidity of composite section (kip-in2)

K = effective length factor
L = laterally unbraced length of the member (in)

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Effective rigidity
EIeff E sIs 0.5E sIsr C1 E c Ic

Es = modulus of steel (ksi)

Ec = modulus of concrete (ksi)
Is = moment of inertia steel section (in4)
Isr = moment of inertia reinforcement (in4)
Ic = moment of inertia concrete (in4)
As
C1 0.1 2
0.3
Ac As

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Nominal compressive strength

If Pe 0.44 P0
P0

Pe
Pn P0 0.658

Else (Pe < 0.44 P0)

Pn 0.877Pe

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Shear Connectors
It is necessary to ensure that load is
transferred from the concrete to the steel
Shear connectors accomplish this
Resist the shear force between the slab and
beam
Prevent separation of the slab from the beam

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Shear Connectors
Stud connectors are the most common in U.S.
Short round steel bar, welded to the beam at one end,
with a head at the other end.
Diameter from 12 in. to 1 in. and lengths from 2 to 8
in.
The ratio of the length to diameter 4.
Most commonly used sizes are 34 in. or 7/8 in. dia.

Head diameter is 12 in. larger than stud and the

head thickness is 3/8 in. or 12 in.
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Shear studs
ASTM-A108, AISI Grades C1010, C1015, C1017 or
C1020 cold-drawn steel with a minimum tensile
strength of 60 ksi and a minimum elongation of 20%
specified in the AWS Structural Welding Code D1.1-75.

To prevent premature failure of studs because of

tearing of base metal, the size of a stud not located
over the beam web is limited to 2 12 times the flange
thickness.
The strength of stud connectors increases with stud
length up to a length of about four diameters and
remains approximately constant for greater lengths

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Equivalent shear force

V = required shear force
When external force is applied to the steel
section
A s
s y

V ' V 1

When external force is applied to the concrete

encasement

Assy
V ' V

P
0

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Distribution
Shear connectors that can hold the required
V must be distributed along the length for at
least 2.5 times the depth of the encased
column above and below the applied load
Maximum spacing is 16
Connectors must be on at least 2 faces,
symmetrically

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Shear Connectors

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Additional issues
At least four longitudinal bars must be used.
Transverse reinforcement must be spaced at
the lesser of
16 longitudinal bar diameters
48 tie bar diameters
Half of the least dimension of the composite
section

At least 1.5 inches of clear cover is required

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Built-up Composite columns

If the steel section is built from two or more
encased steel shapes, the shapes must be
interconnected
Lacing
Tie plates
Batten plates
Etc

To prevent buckling of individual shapes

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Shear strength of a connector

Qn 0.5Asc f Ec Ascsu
'
c

Asc = cross-sectional area of stud (in2)

Ec = modulus of concrete (ksi)
su = tensile strength of connector (ksi)

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Floor beam
Girder

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Effective width
b
tc

Yc

hr

tw

tf
bf

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Shear Connectors

Steel section

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Concrete Slab

Ribbed steel deck