Active Control System (AMD)contd

Because a desirable property is to make it easy to implement,

the active damping device is based on an inertial actuator a
collocated vibration sensor (for robustness) and a simple
controller implementing a direct velocity feedback (DVF)

Fig 1
1

Active Control System (AMD)contd

Actuator under the Rooftop Heliport in the

Applause Tower, Osaka, Japan

Fig 2

Fig3
Back to Types
2

Passive Control System

A passive control system does not require an external power

source.

Passive control devices develop mechanical forces within

themselves in response to the motion of the structure.

Passive control depends also on the initial design of the

structure.

A passive control system is is relatively inexpensive, it

consumes no external energy, it is inherently stable and it
works even during a major earthquake.
3

Passive Control System

contd

Tuned Mass Damping (TMD):

The properties of this device are tuned to the natural

frequency of the building to reduce resonant vibrations on
the structure
A proof mass (roughly 1 to 2% of the building mass) placed
within the upper portion of a structure
Springs and dampers connect mass so that the damping of
the structure is increase at 1st mode as shown in fig

Passive Control System

Fig4. Tuned Mass Damper in Structure

contd

Fig 5.Tuned Mass Damper

Passive Control System

contd

Metallic Yield Dampers:

Layers of mild steel intentionally intended to deform and

warp under earthquake loadings thereby reducing energy
imparted to a structural system.
Metallic yield dampers rely on the inelastic deformation of
metals to dissipate energy.
Fig 6. X-Plate
Metallic Damper

Passive Control System

contd

Viscoelastic Dampers:

Contains a viscoelastic polymer sandwiched between two

metal plates.
Viscoelastic polymer deforms through shear action removing
energy from the system.

Fig 7

Passive Control System

contd

Friction Dampers:

The systems, carefully controlled by a sliding surface,

feature a very large initial stiffness and the possibility of
nearly perfect rectangular angular hysteretic behavior.
Uses the friction between steel plates sliding over each
other to dissipate seismic energy.
There are two types of Friction Dampers,
Rigid frame Friction Dampers
Braced frame Friction Dampers

Passive Control System

Fig 8

contd

Back to Types
9

Hybrid Control System

These control techniques involves combination of both active

and passive control systems.

Hybrid Mass Dampers (HMD)

It is a combination of Tuned Mass Dampers (TMD) with
active Actuators.
It relies more on the natural motion of the Tuned Mass
Dampers, whereas actuators are used to increase efficiency
and robustness.
Also in this category is the Active Passive Tuned Mass
Dampers as shown in the Fig 9

10

Hybrid Control System

contd

Fig 9 Active-passive tuned mass damper (APTMD)

11

Back to Types
12

Semi-Active Control System

Semi-active control devices cannot inject energy into the

controlled system, but have mechanical properties that can
be adjusted to improve their performance.
Variables-orifice dampers
Variable-orifice dampers consist of conventional hydraulic
fluid dampers adapted with controllable, electromechanical,
variable-orifice valves that change the flow resistance and
therefore alter the amount of damping provided to the
structure.

13

Semi-Active Control System

contd

Variable-stiffness control devices

These systems have the ability to modify the structures stiffness
and therefore its natural frequency, to avoid resonant conditions.

Adjustable tuned liquid column dampers

These devices, as passive TLDs, use the sloshing of a liquid, caused
by the motion of the structure, to reduce structural vibrations.

Controllable fluid dampers

1. Electro-Rheological (ER) Dampers
2. Magneto-Rheological (MR) Dampers

14

Semi-Active Control System

contd

Magneto-Rheological (MR) Dampers

An MR damper resembles an ordinary linear viscous damper;

however, the cylinder of the MR damper is filled with a
special fluid that contains very small polarizable particles.
When no current is supplied to the coil, which is wrapped
around the piston of the damper, an MR damper behaves
similar to an ordinary viscous damper.
Since the control force is not applied directly they are more
stable.

15

Conclusions

A discussion of the various techniques used to mitigate

building motion was presented.

This presentation addressed a number of passive and active

presentation loads for human comfort considerations, as well
as several seismic applications.

While the incorporation of such technologies permit todays

structures to reach even greater heights, and to resist the
seismic effects.
Back to Overview
16

References

RWDI, Consulting Engineers and Scientists

Spencer, B.F. Jr., and M.K. Sain (1997), Controlling
Buildings: A New Frontier in Feedback, IEEE Control
Systems, 17(6): 19-35.
Takenaka Corp, AMD System in Herbis Osaka, Company
brochure
Yukio Tamura, (1996) Mitigation of Motions of Tall
Buildings with Specific Examples of Recent Applications

Back to Overview
17

Thank You for your

time
18