The Endocrine System

and
NEUROHORMONAL

Figure 18.1

Anatomi Kelenjar Endokrin

A. Glandula exocrin
Ductus
Lumen and
surfaces
B. Glandula endocrin
Chemical
messengers
Blood stream

Sekresi pengeluaran hormon

-

Sekresi hormon oleh kelenjar endokrin

distimulasi atau dihambat oleh kadar sejenis
hormon dalam darah

distimulasi oleh impuls saraf yang menjalar

di sepanjang serabut saraf

Mekanisme kontrol umpan balik, stimulasi

atau inhibisi sekresi hormon

Figure 25.2ac

Hypophysis
Mengeluarkan 9 peptide penting
Semuanya akan mengikat membran
receptor melalui cyclic AMP sebagai
second messengger

Embryonic Development of Some

Major Endocrine Organs

Copyright 2008
Pearson Education, Inc.,

Figure 25.13a, b

Embryonic Development of Some Major

Endocrine Organs

Copyright 2008
Pearson Education, Inc.,

Figure 25.13c, d

Hypophysis

Figure 18.6a, b

Glandula Pituitary

Figure 25.3ac

Lobus Anterior
(adenohypophysis)
hormon pertumbuhan (growth hormone [GH]) atau
hormon somatotropik (STH)
Hormon perangsang-tiroid (thyroid-sytimulating
hotrmone [TSH])
Hormon adrenokortikotropik (adenocorticotropic
hormone [ACTH]) juga disebut kortikotropin
Gonadotropin. Hormon perangsang folikel (folliclestimulating hormone [FSH]) dan luteinzing hormone (LH)
Prolaktin (PRL) disekresi selama masa kehamilan dan saat
menyusui setelah melairkan

The Hypophyseal Portal System

Figure 18.7

Feedback control of Endocrine Secretion

Figure 18.8a

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hypothalamus

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Releasing
hormone
(Hormone 1)

Secretory
cells

Anterior pituitary

Anterior pituitary
hormone
(Hormone 2)
+
Peripheral endocrine gland

Michael Ross/Photo Researchers, Inc.

(Hormone 3)
Stimulation
+
Target cells

Inhibition

14

Feedback control of Endocrine Secretion

Figure 18.8b

16

17

Lobus posterior neurohypophysis

Structurally part of
the brain
Secretes two
hormones
Antidiuretic hormone
(ADH)
Oxytocin

Figure 25.5

Table 25.1

The Thyroid Gland

Figure 18.11a

23

The Thyroid Gland

Hormon tiroid meningkatkan laju metabolik
hampir semua sel tubuh. Hormon ini
menstimulasi konsumsi konsumsi dan
memperbesar pengeluaran energi, terutama
dalam bentuk panas.
Pertumbuhan dan maturasi normal tulang, gigi,
jaringan ikat, dan jaringan saraf tergantung
pada hormon-hormon tiroid.
Parathyroid mengendalikan keseimbangan kalsium dan
fostat dalam tubuh melalui peningkatan kadar kalsium
darah dan penurunan kadar fosfat darah.

The Thyroid Follicles

Figure 18.12b

HORMONES OF THE THYROID GLAND

TRIIODOTHYRONINE

(T3)

TETRAIODOTHYRONINE (T4)

CALCITONIN

THYROXINE

(GENERAL)
Increase rate of
metabolism

(GENERAL)
Increase rate of metabolism

(BONE TISSUE)
Increase calcium
storage in
bone

General Hyperthyroidism
high metabolic rate
weight loss
protruding eyes
Graves disease
overstimulation of gland
by antibodies
hyperthyroidism

Cretinism
leads to small stature
and mental retardation
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited

Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited

Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited

27

The Parathyroid Glands

Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations

Figure 18.14

29

Effects of Parathyroid Hormone

Figure 16.11

HORMONE OF THE PARATHYROID

GLAND

PARATHYROID HORMONE

(BONE TISSUE & KIDNEY)

Increase calcium removal from storage in bone
Produces active form of vitamin D in kidneys
Increase absorption of calcium by intestines
Increase blood calcium level

Adrenal cortex
Bagian pembatan hormon steroid
(corticosteroids)
Cortex divided into three layers
Zona glomerulosa (produces mineralocorticoids)
Zona fasciculate (produces glucocorticoids)
Zona reticularis (produces androgens)

The Adrenal Gland

Produces epinephrine (~75 - 80%)

Produces norepinephrine (~25-30%)

Figure 18.16

The pancreatic islets

Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas called Islets of
Langerhans or pancreatic islets
Alpha cells secrete glucagons
Beta cells secrete insulin
Delta cells secrete GH-IH
F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide

The kidneys
Produce calcitriol and erythropoietin (EPO)
and the enzyme rennin
Calcitriol = stimulates calcium and phosphate ion
absorption along the digestive tract
EPO stimulates red blood cell production by bone
marrow
Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys

Figure 18.20a

Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys

Figure 18.20b

Neural Communication
Neuron
Sel saraf

Dendrite
Pengantar impuls antar sel

Axon
Dibungkus selubung myelin
yang mengatarkan sinyal
sampai ujung dari
permukaan saraf

Myelin Sheath
Pembungkus axon,
mempercepat dan
melindungi axon untuk
transmisi sinyal

Neural Communication
Synapse [SIN-aps]
Sinaps adalah tempat berlangsungnya
pemindahan impuls dari ujung akson suatu
neuron ke neuron lain atau ke otot atau ke
kelenjar.
Neurotransmitters
Bahan kimia yang dikeluarkan ujung axon yang
dapat mempengaruhi sel target

Neural Communication

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5

Step 6

Step 7

Neural Communication

Hormones and growth

Pertumbuhan normal diatur melalui
interaksi organ endokrin
Enam hormon penting untuk
pertumbuhan
GH
Thyroid hormones
Insulin
PTH
Calcitriol
Reproductive hormones

Hormones and stress

Figure 16.15