Introduction To PSY 101

INTRODUCTION T0
PSY 101
General Psychology
with Drug Abuse
Education
Name of Presenter
Position
Department/College
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CHAPTER 1
The Nature of
Psychology
by:
Prof. Jerwin A.
Gutierrez, MAEdSci
Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci
Faculty Member
University of Batangas Lipa City
What is Psychology?
derived from two Greek words psyche
meaning soul and logos meaning
study
* The modern meaning of psycho is mind
and -logy is science, thus psychology
literally means the science of the mind.
(Carlson, 2007)
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What is Psychology?
the scientific study of behavior that is
tested through scientific research
the scientific study of human and animal
behavior and mental processes in contexts
an academic and applied discipline that
involves the scientific study of mental
functions and behaviors
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What is Psychology?
the science of human behavior and mental
processes.
Behavior is anything we do
overt actions and reactions
Mental processes are our internal experiences

thoughts, feelings, memories
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Behavior
- any response or activity of an organism. It can either be
simple or complex; overt or covert; conscious or
unconscious; voluntary or involuntary; rational or
irrational.
Overt - observable behavior
Covert - private mental processes that cannot be directly
observed or measured and must be inferred from overt
behavior

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Why Psychology Is So
Important?
The subject studies the mental processes
and behavior of people.
It can be applied to various areas of the life
of a human.
Everything a person does is connected to
the subject.

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Why Psychology Is So
Important?
In its primary form, psychology studies a
person who and what they are it looks
into why they act and think the way they do
and how someone can improve himself.
Psychology helps us scientifically evaluate
common beliefs and misconceptions about
behavior and mental processes.
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Goals of Psychology
to Understand (why people act the way
they do)
to Explain (what caused that behavior)
to Describe (as how individuals differ
when observed in the same events)
to Predict (behavior which an event is
likely to occur)
to Control (so as to prevent unwanted
consequences that may bring about
undesirable outcomes)
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What is a Psychologist?
Psychologists - is a scientist who studies
the mind and behavior of humans and
animals
Psychiatry - is a branch of medicine that
deals with mental, emotional, or behavioral
disorders
These two professions are usually
confused
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Main Branches / Fields of

Psychology
1. Developmental Psychology The study of
human development and the factors that shape
behavior form birth to old age.

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2. Social Psychology The study of how people

think about, influence, relate with one another, and
the ways interaction with other people influence
attitudes and behavior.
3. Personality Psychology The study of
individual differences.
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4. Clinical Psychology The study of the diagnosis

and treatment of emotional and behavioral
problems (mental illness, drug addiction, marital
and family conflict).

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5. Counseling Psychology The study that deals

with personal problems such as academics, social
or vocational problems; counseling psychologists
deal with less serious problems compared to clinical
psychologists.

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6. School and Educational Psychology The study

that deals with the evaluation of learning and
emotional problems of individual in school.

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7. Industrial/Organizational Psychology The

study involving the selection of people most suitable
for particular jobs, the development of training
programs in organization, and the identification of
determinants of consumer behavior.

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8. Environmental Psychology The study that deals

with the relationship between humans and the
environment.

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9. Behavioral Neuroscience The study that

employs the biological perspective, seeking to
discover the relationships between biological
processes and behavior.

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10. Experimental Psychology The study that

employs the behavioral and cognitive perspective
as well as the experimental method in studying how
people react to sensory stimuli, perceive the world,
learn and remember, and respond.

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11. Forensic Psychology the study that applies

psychology to the law and legal proceedings.

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12. Sports Psychology The study that applies

theories and knowledge in psychology to enhance
athletes and coaches performance.

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13. Health Psychology The study of the cognitive,

affective, behavioral, and interpersonal factors
affecting health and illness.

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14. Cross-Cultural Psychology investigates the similarities and

differences in psychological
functioning in and across various
cultures and ethnic groups.
15. Behavioral Genetics - studies the
inheritance of traits related to behavior

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16. Cognitive psychology - focuses on the

study of higher mental processes
17. Evolutionary psychology - considers
how behavior is influenced by our genetic
inheritance from our ancestors.
18. Psychology of Women - focuses on
issues such as discrimination against
women and the causes of violence against
women
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Important People in the

Development of Psychology

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1. Wilhelm Wundt
considered as the Father of Modern

Psychology.
established the first experimental laboratory

for the study of Psychology, in Leipzig,
Germany, 1879. Leipzig, Germany
created a machine that measured the time

lag between peoples hearing a ball hit the
platform and their pressing a telegraph key.
Wundt has seeking to measure the atoms of
the mind the fastest and simplest mental
Wilhelm Wundt (18321920)

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processes.
2. William James
published Principles of
psychology which promotes
functionalsim
functionalists focused on the
purpose of consciousness and
behavior
William James
11 .01.1842 - 26 .08. 1910
functionalism emphasized
individual differences, which had a

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profound impact on education
3. Mary Calkins
American philosopher and
psychologist.
the first woman to become

president of the American
Psychological Association.
Mary Whiton Calkins
(30 March 1863 26 February 1930)
established a laboratory for

psychology at Wellesley in

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1891.
4. Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician that focused on illness
Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective
Developed the Use of "Talk Therapy"
Believed that abnormal behavior originated

from unconscious drives and conflicts
Psychoanalysts believe that childhood

events and unconscious feelings, thoughts
and motivations play a role in mental illness
and maladaptive behaviors.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

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Psychoanalysis
Personality is composed of three elements:
ID - includes the instinctive and primitive behaviors, id

is driven by the pleasure principle
EGO - is responsible for dealing with reality, and is

driven by the reality principle, which strives to satisfy
the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate
ways
SUPEREGO - holds all of our internalized moral
standards that we acquire from both parents and

society - our sense of right and wrong
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5. Ivan Pavlov
Behaviorist
Russian physiologist
Pavlov's research on the digestive
systems of dogs led to his discovery of
the classical conditioning process, which
demonstrated that behaviors could be
learned via conditioned associations.
Ivan Pavlov, 1849 1936
Emphasized the study of observable

behaviors

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

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6. John B. Watson
Founder of Behaviorism
Studied only observable and
objectively described acts
Emphasized objective and
scientific methodology
Believed consciousness
was irrelevant to psychology

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John B. Watson (18781958)
7. Erik Erikson
known for his theory on
psychosocial development of
human beings.
most famous for coining the
phrase identity crisis.
His son, Kai T. Erikson, is a
noted American sociologist
Erik Erikson
(15 June 1902 12 May 1994)

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8. Abraham Maslow
American psychologist who was
best known for creating Maslow's
hierarchy of needs
stressed the importance of
focusing on the positive qualities
in people, as opposed to treating
them as a "bag of symptoms.
Abraham Maslow
(April 1, 1908 June 8, 1970)

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9. Carl Rogers
an influential American psychologist and among
the founders of the humanistic approach(or clientcentered approach) to psychology.
considered to be one of the founding fathers of

psychotherapy research
honored for his pioneering research with the

Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions
by the American Psychological Association (APA)
in 1956.
Carl Rogers
(1902 1987)

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10. Albert Bandura

known as the originator
of social learning theory and
the theoretical construct
of self-efficacy
responsible for the influential
1961 Bobo doll experiment.
Albert Bandura
(December 4, 1925 present)
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Aristotle (384 322 BC)

* made assumptions out of observation regarding human
behavior.
* believed that all beings, humans included, have souls,
which animate them. Humans, however, compared to
other animal, have rational souls. Thus, humans are not
only, physical, but also rational. He also theorized about
learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception and
personality.
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Rene Descartes
(1596 1650)
introduced the concept of reflex
action
* supported the view that humans
enter the world with an inborn
store of knowledge. He argued
that some ideas (such as God,
the self, perfection and infinity)
are innate. He is also notable for
his conception of the body as a
machine that can be studied.
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John Locke
(16321704)
- Believed that at
birth the human
mind is a tabula
rasa or a blank
slate, on which
experience writes
knowledge.
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Charles Darwin
(1809 1882)
He is the author of the Law of
Natural Selection or Theory of
Evolution; inspired the
Psychological school of
thought, Functionalism.

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Francis Galton
(18221911)
- He was concerned with the
study of individual
differences.
- He was considered as the
Father of Mental tests

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Ernst Weber (17951878); Gustav Fechner;

Herman von Helmholtz (18211894) German
Physicians who started experimenting with behavior
through scientific methodologies.

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G. Stanley Hall
A student of Wundts
who established what
many consider as the
first American
psychology laboratory
at Johns Hopkins
University in 1883.
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
- A German who
reported on the
first experiments
on memory, 1885.

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Edward Lee Thorndike

researches: how cats learn to escape
from puzzle boxes
law of effect, responses that are
immediately followed by a satisfactory

outcome become more strongly
associated with the situation and are
Edward L. Thorndike
31.08. 1874 - 9.08.1949.

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therefore more likely to occur again in

the future.

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Burrhus F. Skinner
Behaviorist, famous for his
research on operant conditioning
Focused on learning through
rewards and observation
studied learning and effect of

reinforcement
"The consequences of behavior
B. F. Skinner (19041990)
determine the probability that the

behavior will occur again" --B. F.

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Skinner
Operant conditioning

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Founders of Humanistic
Psychology
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow
Rollo May
(1902 1987)
(1908 1970)
(1909 1994)

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Humanistic Psychology
humanist thinkers felt that both psychoanalysis and
behaviorism were too pessimistic

emphasized the importance of self-actualization, which is a
process of growing and developing as a person to achieve
individual potential
healthy person strive to reach his / her own potential
stressed the study of conscious experience and an
individuals free will

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Early dates
Greek philosophers: Studied the nature of the mind, the

(Socrates, Plato,
soul, the body, and human
Aristotle)
experience
17th Century
Rene Descartes
Nativist View:
some ideas are innate
John Locke
Empiricist View:
Knowledge is acquired through
experiences & interactions with the
world
1869
Sir Francis Galton of

England
Studied individual differences> devt of

intelligence tests
1879
Wilhelm Wundt
Father of Psychology
Established the first psychological
laboratory (Germany @ Leipzig Univ. )
Research: senses (vision), attention,
emotion and memory

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1883
Granville Stanley First American to finish doctoral studies

Hall
in psychology
Established the 1st psychological
laboratory (US @ John Hopkins Univ)
Founded the 1st American Journal of
psychology
1888
James McKeen
Cattell
1st psychology professor in the US
19th Century
Titchener
Structuralism:
Specified mental structures & analyzed the
basic elements of mental life.
Introspection: the examination of ones
own emotional states & mental processes.
William James
Functionalism:
Functions of the mind & behavior to adapt
to the environment

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1920s
John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorism:
Only observable behavior should be
studied
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
1912
Max Wertheimer
Gestalt Psychology:
Gestalt means form or configuration
the whole is greater than the sum of its
parts
20th Century
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis:
Human behavior is deeply influenced by
unconscious thoughts, impulses, & desires
(sex & aggression)
Recent devts
Herbert Simon
Views humans as information processing

systems
Modern Linguistics: study of how mental
structures are required to comprehend &
speak a language
Neuropsychology:
studies the relationship between
neurobiological events & mental processes
Noam Chomsky

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Philippine History of Psychology

17th Century Taught in two Phil.
Univ.
Univ. of Sto. Tomas (1st institution to

offer undergraduate, masters &
doctoral degrees in Psychology)
Univ. of San Carlos (Cebu)
1926
Agustin Alonzo
Head of the 1st Dept. of Psychology, at

UP.
1932
Sinforoso Padilla,
Ph.D. (Univ. of
Michigan, 1928)
Established the 1st psychological clinic at

UP.
Jesus Perpinan,
Ph.D. (Iowa State
Univ, 1933)
Set up the FEU psychological clinic
Elias Bumatay, Ph.D.

Educ Psych (Univ. of
Texas, 1940)
Dean of the College of Education at NU

(National University)
Mr.
Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci
1948
Estefania Aldaba-Lim,
Faculty Member
1962
Ph.D. Clinical Psych
(Univ. of Michigan)
Started the psychology program at PWU

Set up the Phil. Psychological Corp.
Philippine History of Psychology

1955
Alfredo Lagmay, Ph.D.

Experimental Psych
(Harvard Univ., 1955)
Headed the Psychology Dept.

of UP (22 yrs)
Mariano Obias, Ph.D.

Led the personnel dept. of Caltex
Comparative & Physiological Phils.
Psych (Stanford Univ., 1955)
1961
Jaime Bulatao, S.J. Ph.D.

Clinical Psych (Fordham
Univ., 1961)
Established the Dept. of Psych at

ADMU
1962
All pioneers (except for

Bumatay) and Alonzo
Founded the PAP (Psychological

Assoc. of the Phils.)

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Schools of Thought
1. Structuralism (Edward Titchener)
Study of the parts of conscious
experiences through introspection.
Conscious experiences are composed of
sensations, feelings, and images.
Introspection is a process of studying the
self, or self-examination. Introduced by
St. Thomas of Aquinas.
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2. Functionalism
(William James) Defines
behavior or the mental
phenomena in terms of their
functions in mans adjustment
to his environment. It is very
much influenced by Darwins
Theory of Evolution.
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3. Gestalt Psychology
(Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Koffka)
Believed that the human mind imposes meaning to
related experiences. It advocates that the study of
human behavior should be wholistic. The whole is
greater than the sum of its parts.

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4. Behaviorism
(John B. Watson)
Emphasized the need to
study what is observable.
Its objective was to predict
and control behavior.
S-R Psychology.

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5. Psychoanalysis
(Sigmund Freud) Much of
our behavior is governed by
unconscious motive and
primitive biological instincts. It
considered
all
humans
basically would like to gain
pleasure and avoid pain.

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The Scientific Method

The approach used by psychologists to
systematically acquire knowledge and
understanding about behavior and other
phenomena of interest.
1. Identifying questions of interest,
2. Formulating an explanation, (Theories and
Hypotheses)
3. Carrying out research designed to support or
refute the explanation.
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Methods Used in Psychology

1. Descriptive Research An approach to research
designed to systematically investigate a person,
group, or patterns of behavior.
a. Naturalistic Observation - Research in which an
investigator simply observes some naturally
occurring behavior and does not make a change in
the situation
b. Directed Observation (Survey) - Research in
which people chosen to represent a larger
population are asked a series of questions about
their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes.
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1. Descriptive Research An approach to research

designed to systematically investigate a person,
group, or patterns of behavior.
c. Archival Research - Research in which existing
data, such as census documents, college records,
and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a
hypothesis.
d. Case Study - An in-depth, intensive investigation
of an individual or small group of people.

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2. Correlational Method - The correlational

method involves systematically measuring the
relationship between two or more variables
Correlation Coefficient : +1.00 to -1.00

Positive Correlation
Negative Correlation
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Correlational Method
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3. Experimental Method - Considered as the

most scientific of all methods. The researcher
investigate a phenomenon by preparing 2
identical groups and altering the conditions of
one of the groups; afterwards, measuring the
difference.
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
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Experimental Method
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Careers in Psychology
What do psychologists do? And where?
Business
Social and Human Services
Research
Education
Research Laboratories
Clinical and Private Practice Settings
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Experimental Psychologists
(usually researchers and professors)
About 1/4th of American Psychologists work in
colleges and universities.

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Applied Psychologists
(service providers)
The remaining 3/4ths work in hospitals, clinics,
police departments, research institutes,
government agencies, business and industry,
schools, nursing homes, counseling centers, and
private practice.
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Perspectives in Psychology
1. Psychodynamic Approach
2. Behavioral Approach
3. Cognitive Approach
4. Biological or Behavioral Neuroscience Approach
5. Phenomenological or Humanistic Approach
6. Sociocultural Approach
7. Evolutionary Psychology Approach
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1. Psychodynamic Approach
Developed by Sigmund Freud
States that much of our behavior
stems from unconscious processes,
conflict between biological instincts &
societys demands, and early family
experiences.
Basis for the therapeutic approach
called psychoanalysis
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2. Behavioral Approach
John B. Watson: father of Behaviorism
Behaviors are activities of people or other organisms that
can be observed by others.
States that when we attempt to understand an event,
we need to look at the observable behaviors & their
environmental determinants.

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3. Cognitive Approach
Concerned with mental processes, such
as perceiving, remembering, reasoning,
deciding, and problem solving.
States that Only by studying mental
processes can we fully understand what
people do.

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4. Biological
Approach
Concerned with how the brain and nervous system underlie
behavior & mental processes.
Attempts to relate behavior to electrical and chemical events taking

place inside the body
The Nervous System (brain) and the Endocrine System are studied
to determine the biological causes of behavior.

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5. Phenomenological or Humanistic
Approach
Focuses on the subjective and
personal experience of events
(Individual Phenomenology) , and
on the need for personal growth.
Concerned with describing the
inner life and experiences of
individuals, rather than developing
theories or predicting behaviors.
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6. Sociocultural
Approach
Studies the ways by which social and cultural
environments influence behavior
A persons cultural context should be considered in order
to understand behavior.
Focuses on comparing behaviors across countries as
well as across cultures within a country.
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7. Evolutionary Psychology
Emphasizes the importance of adaptation,
reproduction, and survival of the fittest in
explaining behavior.
Focuses on the conditions that allow
people to fail or survive.

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Can you identify which

of the beliefs on the
following slides are true
or false?
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1. The best way to learn

and remember information
is to cram, or study it
intensively during one
concentrated period.
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1. FALSE!
This is the worst way to prepare for an
exam! Dont confuse this for a quicker
method of study- students who cram often
perform more poorly than those who do
not study at all!

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2. Advertisers and
politicians often use
subliminal persuasion to
influence our behavior.

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2. FALSE!
This is a psychology urban legend!
Although we will discuss the influence of
sensation and perception below our
threshold of awareness.
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3. Punishment is the most

effective way to
permanently change
behavior.

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3. FALSE!
We will examine this ineffective practice
when we begin our study of learning!
Think about the prison systema large
scale example of punishmentdoes it
work?
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4. Eyewitness testimony is
often unreliable.

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4. TRUE!
Our memories are very fragile and subject
to many variables. We will examine the
influence of memory formation during this
semester.
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5. Police often use

psychics to help solve
crimes.

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5. FALSE!
Its important to recognize the difference
between psychology and
pseudopsychology, which includes the
area of psychics.
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6. People with
schizophrenia have two or
more distinct personalities.

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6. FALSE!
This disorder is very misunderstood
among the general public. People often
confuse this disorder with Multiple
Personality Disorder, now known as
Dissociative Identity Disorder

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How did you do?

This quiz was a brief illustration of how
psychological information is often misunderstood.
Psychology is NOT limited to common sense
information.
We will examine each of these questions in detail
through the course of this class

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Assignment:
Answer
Activity No. 2 on pages

21-22 (Test I. IV. only).
Be ready for a short quiz on
Chapter 1 The Nature of
Psychology

Faculty Member

Introduction To PSY 101

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INTRODUCTION T0

Mental processes are our internal experiences

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

Main Branches / Fields of

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

2. Social Psychology The study of how people

4. Clinical Psychology The study of the diagnosis

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

5. Counseling Psychology The study that deals

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

6. School and Educational Psychology The study

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

7. Industrial/Organizational Psychology The

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

8. Environmental Psychology The study that deals

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

9. Behavioral Neuroscience The study that

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

10. Experimental Psychology The study that

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

11. Forensic Psychology the study that applies

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

12. Sports Psychology The study that applies

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

13. Health Psychology The study of the cognitive,

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

14. Cross-Cultural Psychology investigates the similarities and

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

16. Cognitive psychology - focuses on the

Important People in the

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

considered as the Father of Modern

established the first experimental laboratory

created a machine that measured the time

Wilhelm Wundt (18321920)

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

profound impact on education

the first woman to become

established a laboratory for

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

Austrian physician that focused on illness

Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective

Developed the Use of "Talk Therapy"

Believed that abnormal behavior originated

Psychoanalysts believe that childhood

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

ID - includes the instinctive and primitive behaviors, id

EGO - is responsible for dealing with reality, and is

SUPEREGO - holds all of our internalized moral

standards that we acquire from both parents and

Emphasized the study of observable

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

was irrelevant to psychology

John B. Watson (18781958)

noted American sociologist

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

an influential American psychologist and among

the founders of the humanistic approach(or clientcentered approach) to psychology.