FISIKA

BIO OPTIKA

23/12/2014

FISIKA

KEPENTINGAN?
Berkaitan asuhan keperawatan orang yang
bermasalah pada sistem penglihatannya,
khususnya akibat gangguan pada alat
optiknya, seperti
1. Ametropia
2. Astigmatisme
3. Katarak
4. Glaukoma
23/12/2014

FISIKA

TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN?
Memahami & menjelaskan susunan dan
fungsi alat optik mata, yang mencakup
1. Kornea
2. Kamera okuli anterior
3. Iris
4. Pupil
5. Lensa mata
6. Badan kaca
23/12/2014

FISIKA

23/12/2014

FISIKA

23/12/2014

FISIKA

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN

EYE.
The human eye as a visual analyzer makes it
possible to distinguish rather accurately
between colors, form, dimensions, degree of
illumination, and the location of objects in the
immediate environment (Figure A2-1).

23/12/2014

FISIKA

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN

EYE.
The forward portion of the eye, which is turned toward
the light, contains a light-refracting apparatus which
transmits the image to a light-sensitive membrane -the retina; this apparatus consists of a system of
refracting media and surfaces -- the cornea, the
crystalline lens, the aqueous humor, and the vitreous
humor filling the optical cavity.
(The light-refracting apparatus also includes the ciliar
humor and the iris, which has an opening, the pupil, in
the center of it.)

23/12/2014

FISIKA

23/12/2014

FISIKA

 1. Cornea (transparent, grasslike portion of coat of eyeball).

2. Conjunctiva (mucous membrane which lines eyelids and is reflected
onto eyeball).
3. Ciliary muscle (smooth muscles, controlling alteration of crystalline
lens).
4. Muscle of eyeball.
5. Space posterior to crystalline lens.
6. Sclera (toughest of the three membranes, forming the outer protective
and supporting layer of the eye ball).
7. Choroid (vascular coat of the eye).
8. Retina (innermost tunic of the eye, containing receptors, rods and
cones).
9. Optic disk (blind spot of retina).
10. Optic nerve (transfers images from retina to visual nerve centers
located in the brain).

23/12/2014

FISIKA

 11. Anterior chamber (filled with aqueous humor).

12. Iris (opening in center is called the pupil, contains groups of
smooth muscles that dilate and contract pupil).
13. Posterior chamber (filled with aqueous humor).
14. Suspensory ligaments (zonule of Zinn).
15. Crystalline lens (transparent biconvex body enclosed in
transparent sheath, suspended from ciliary body by suspensory
ligaments).
16. Vitreous (transparent jelly-like substance contained within
transparent membrane close to retina).
17. Fovea central is (a pit in the middle of the macula lutea).
18. Macula Lutea (point of clearest vision, contains greatest number
of cones).

23/12/2014

FISIKA

10

23/12/2014

FISIKA

11

Figure A2-2. Phenomenon of

Spherical Aberration

23/12/2014

FISIKA

12

Figure A2-3. Phenomenon of

Diffraction of Light on the Pupil

23/12/2014

FISIKA

13

Figures A2-4. Schemes Showing the Refraction Rays in

the Eyes: {a) Normal, (b) Nearsighted (c) Farsighted.

23/12/2014

FISIKA

14

Figure A2-5. Scheme showing the

Refraction of Rays in an Astigmatic Eye.

23/12/2014

FISIKA

15

Figure A2-6. Chart for Discovering

Astigmatism.

23/12/2014

FISIKA

16

Figure A2-7. Determining which eye is

dominant.

23/12/2014

FISIKA

17

Figure A2-8. Muscles of the Right Eye. Arrows Show the

Direction in which the Eyeball turns when the Muscles
designated

23/12/2014

FISIKA

18

SNELLEN CHART
A Snellen chart is an eye chart used by eye
care professionals and others to measure
visual acuity.
Snellen charts are named after the Dutch
ophthalmologist Herman Snellen who
developed the chart in 1862.[1]
Vision scientists now use a variation of this
chart, designed by Ian Bailey and Jan Lovie.
23/12/2014

FISIKA

19

DESCRIPTION
The traditional Snellen chart is printed with eleven
lines of block letters.
The first line consists of one very large letter, which
may be one of several letters, for example E, H, or N.
Subsequent rows have increasing numbers of letters
that decrease in size.
A person taking the test covers one eye, and reads
aloud the letters of each row, beginning at the top.
The smallest row that can be read accurately indicates
the visual acuity in that eye.
23/12/2014

FISIKA

20

Typical Snellen chart to estimate

visual acuity

23/12/2014

FISIKA

21

PERTANYAAN?
1. Sebutkan bagian mata yang berfungsi sebagai alat optik!
2. Apakah fungsi mata sebagai alat optik?
3. Bagian manakah dari alat optik mata yang dapat berubah
kekuatannya untuk membiaskan sinar?
4. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan ketajaman penglihatan?
5. Bagaimana cara memeriksa ketajaman penglihatan?
6. Bagaimana rumus untuk menentukan ketajaman
penglihatan?
7. Apa yang disebut kartu Snellen?
8. Ada berapa deret huruf pada kartu Snellen?
9. Apa yang disebut emetropia dan ametropia?
23/12/2014
FISIKA
10. Kemukakan ada berapa macam
ametropia!

22