RATIO

“In the ratio a / b which is written as a : b, is a

mathematical operations ratio and fraction are written
in the same manner but in fact, their meanings are
different”
Formula:
 ax + bx = n for two parts

 ax + bx + cx = n for three parts

Proportion:
A statement which represents that the two ratio are
equal is called proportion, eg: let the two ratios a/b
and c/d be equal than equation a / b = c / d is a
proportion or a / b :: c / d or a:b::c:d
Percentage: the word percent consist of two words ‘per’
and ‘cent’, per means each and cent means hundred
Commission: Amount of commission = Rate of
commission x Amount of sales / 100
Rate of commission = Amount of commission x 100 /
Amount of sales
Amount of sales = Amount of commission x 100 /
Rate of commissio
Amount of del – creder commission = Credit sales x
Rate commission / 100
Profit and loss: Profit percent = Profit x 100 / cost
price, Cost price = profit x 100 / profit %.
SIMULATANEOUS EQUATIONS

“simultaneous equations have two variables, e.g:4 x + y

= 2”
METHODS:
 Graphical method: to solve two simultaneous
equations in two variables by graphic method
 Substitutions method: this method consists of
expressing one variable in term of other in any one
equation and substituting this value in other equation
by solving this equation so formed
 Comparison method: keeping one variable at one
end and all other values at other end, do the same
with other equation also and put these equation in
front of each other by putting “=” sign in between,
only one variable would be remaining to be found
 Elimination method: “2X +Y = 8” – “2X - Y = 4”,
answer is 2Y = 4, so Y = 2 and thereby X = 3.
ELEMENTARY MATRIX
“Matrix gives a systematic method to write a system of
equations. Whatever be the size of that system of
equations”
TYPES:
 Horizontal Matrix: more columns and less rows
 Vertical Matrix: less columns and more rows
 Row Matrix: more than one columns and one row
 Column Matrix: one column and more than one rows
 Vector Matrix: one column and one row
 Square Matrix: equal amount of columns and rows
THEORY OF LOGARITHM
“if ax = n (a > 0, a ≠ 1) then the index x is called the
logarithms of the number n with respect to the base a
and is expressed as Logan = x read as the logarithm
of n to the base a is x”
Definition:
The logarithm of a number to a given base is the index
or power to which the base must be raised to produce
the number i.e. to make it equal to the given number
for eg: 32 = 9 will be written as Log39 = 2
 Anti-Logarithm:
The antilogarithm function antilogb(y) is the
inverse function of the logarithm function logb(x); it
can be written in closed form as by. The antilog
notation was common before the advent of modern
calculators and computers: tables of antilogarithms to
the base 10 were useful in carrying out computations
by hand
 Differential calculus:
The study of the definition, properties, and
applications of the derivative of a function. The
process of finding the derivative is
called differentiation. Given a function and a point in
the domain, the derivative at that point is a way of
encoding the small-scale behavior of the function near
that point. By finding the derivative of a function at
every point in its domain, it is possible to produce a
new function, called the derivative function or just
the derivative of the original function.
SIMPLE INTEREST

“The consideration of sum of money to be paid for the

borrowed money”
 Calculation: Principal x rate x months / (100 x 12)
 Compound Interest: When the simple interest is
added to the principal so that the amount become the
principal for next period
 Linear Programming:

Linear programming (LP) is a mathematical method

for determining a way to achieve the best outcome
(such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a given
mathematical model for some list of requirements
represented as linear equations. More formally, linear
programming is a technique for the optimization of
a linear objective function, subject to linear
equality and linear inequality constraints.
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