BUILDING SERVICES I

Quantitative aspects of water

QUANTITY OF WATER
Involves assumption of many variable factors
Data to be collected
Rate of demand water requirements for various
uses are analyzed and rate of consumption per
head is worked out
Population Persons to be served are calculated
and estimate of future population is worked out

RATE OF DEMAND

Rate of demand
Small quantity of water is required for
personal use
Demand for other purposes depend on
standard of living

Rate of
demand

Domestic

Civic or
public

Industrial

Business
or trade

Loss and
waste

Drinking (2ltr/head/day)

Cooking (5ltr/head/day)

Domestic purpose:

Bathing (30-40
ltrs/head/day)
Washing and sanitary
purposes (55-70
ltrs/head/day)
Other uses (gardening,
domestic animals, etc.)

Civic or public use

Road washing
to prevent dust, 5 ltrs/head/day

Sanitation
Cleaning public sanitary blocks, large markets
Carrying liquid wastes from houses
2-3 ltrs/head/day

Ornamental
Fountains, ponds

Fire demand 1ltr/head/day

Industrial purposes
Factories
Depends on nature of product, size, etc
Water recycling possible

Power stations
Huge quantities
Situated away from cities

Railways and airports

Make their own arrangements
Upto 70 ltrs/head/day

Other factors
Business or trade
Dairies, hotels, restaurants, schools, hospitals,
theatres etc. require large quantity of water
Depends on population 15 to 25 ltrs/head/day

Loss and waste

Termed as unaccounted requirement
Careless use, leakage etc
Estimated as 30-40% of per capita consumption
Possible to bring down to 10-15%

External factors
Climatic conditions
Requirement is more during summer

Cost of water
Higher the cost, lower the rate of demand

Distribution pressure
Consumption increases with increase in pressure due
to increase in loss and waste at high pressure

Habits of population
Consumption rate will be more in areas having better
standard of living of persons.

External factors
Industries
Presence or absence of industries affect the rate of
demand in a particular area

Quality of water
Improvement in quality may result in the increase of
rate of consumption

Size of city
Smaller the city, lower the demand if there are no
other water consuming activities

System of supply
Intermittent supply system will reduce rate of demand

AS PER NBC 2005

For communities with population upto 20,000
and without flushing system:
Water supply through stand post 40 lphd
Water supply through house service connection 70
to 100 lphd

For communities with population 20,000 to

100,000 together with full flushing system 100
to 150 lphd
For communities with population above 100,000
together with full flushing system 150 to 200
lphd

Buildings other than residences

Type of building

Water requirement (ltrs/day)

Cinema or concert hall

15 per seat

Factories

50 per worker

Hospitals with less than 100 beds

340 per bed

Hospitals with more than 100 beds

450 per bed

Hostels

135 per head

Hotels

180 per bed

Medical quarters

135 per head

Offices

45 per head

Restaurants

70 per head

10

Schools

45 per student

POPULATION

Estimating population
Population indicates total number of human
beings residing in a certain area.
Project must accommodate future population
Present population and growth rate is
obtained from census records
Future period for which the project is
designed is known as period of design
Usually taken as 20-30 years