04 Basic SQL

Basic SQL
Chapter 4
Last Updated 12/29/2014 1:02 PM
CS 4347 Introduction to Database Systems
Michael Christiansen 2014
Structured Query Language
SQL is the standard language supported by all Relational

Database Management Systems.
Produces results by
SQL has been an ANSI standard since 1986.

Is the main reason for the success of the RDBMS technologies.
Is a declarative (non-procedural) programming language.
Specify constraints on tuples retrieved from existing relations.
Filtering and creating new relations from existing relations.
Encompasses both Data Definition and Data Manipulation.
Used to create DB schema, tables, views and other objects

Used to perform relational operations on the data.
CS4347 Introduction to Database Systems
SQL Language Overview
Table, Row and Column are SQL / RDBMS equivalents of

Relations, Tuple, and Attribute.
SQL statements are terminated by a semicolon (;).
SQL is case-insensitive.
However, schema, table, attribute, etc. names can be made

case-sensitive depending on DBMS settings.
Schema and Namespaces
A DBMS can maintain the tables and data for several

purposes i.e. several applications.
Namespace is the mechanism used to partition the objects

owned by one application from the other applications hosted
by the DBMS.
A schema maintains a unique namespace.
Each application needs it own namespace.
Partitioning the objects (table, view, etc.) of one application from other
applications.
Each application may maintain different entities with the same name.
A schema allows user access to the DBMS can be restricted

to specific applications data.
Schema and Catalog
A schema is a database object which partitions its objects

from objects in other schema in the same DBMS server.
A Catalog is the collection of schema maintained by a DBMS.
A databases catalog includes a special schema

Information_Schema that contains descriptions of all the
databases schema.
SQL Statements
SQL provides these statements that allow the user to CRUD

information.
CREATE: Create relational objects.

INSERT: Insert new rows into tables.
SELECT: Select / join / return specific rows from table(s).
UPDATE: Update the attribute values of specific table rows.
DELETE: Remove specific rows from tables.
DROP: Remove specific objects from the DBMS.
ALTER: Modify an existing object e.g. table, index, view, etc.
All of these statements maintain several options that determine

the target objects and operations.
Each vendor has their own extensions to the SQL statements.
CREATE Statement
The CREATE statement is used to create database objects.
The general format is CREATE <OBJECT> <Options>
CREATE schema, table, view, trigger, etc.

create schema my_application;
create table my_application.customer ( <column definition>+ );
A schema and all of its objects can be removed with the

DROP SCHEMA <name> command.
The user needs sufficient permissions to execute these
statements.
ECOMM Schema
Example CREATE TABLE with Column Definitions
SQL Data Types
The CREATE TABLE statement includes definitions of the

tables columns including the columns data type.
Numeric Types: Integer and floats of varying sizes, usually

measured in precision i.e. number of digits.
INTEGER (10 digits), BIGINT (19 digits), SMALLINT (5 digits)

DECIMAL(P,S) a floating point type with fixed precision and scale
e.g. 123.21 is P=5, S=2.
Decimal numbers are used to represent prices.
REAL, FLOAT, DOUBLE: Floating point numbers with increasing

size. See vendor docs for specific sizes.
CS 4347 Introduction to Database Systems
10
SQL Data Types
Character Types: Character arrays (string) of both fixed and

variable sizes.
CHARACTER(N) or CHAR(N) is a character string of fixed length

N that will be padded to the right with spaces.
VARCHAR(N) is a character string of maximum length N that will
be terminated at the end of the string (no padding).
CBLOB(N) is a Character BLOB of maximum size N.
CBLOB is used to store very large character data that might normally
be placed in a file. e.g. several megabytes and even larger.
11
SQL Data Types
BOOLEAN: Simple true/false.

ENUM: A fixed set of strings.
DATE / TIME / TIMESTAMP: Represent a point in time with

varying precision.
ENUM(M, F) describes the values of a GENDER column.
DATE is a date at 12:00 AM.

TIME is a time in a 24 hour period.
TIMESTAMP is a specific time on a specific date.
BLOB: Binary Large Object
Used to store large binary data such as a mpg or jpg file.

BLOBs can not be indexed nor its contents queried i.e. in a
WHERE clause.
12
Vendor-Specific Data Types
Spatial Data: GIS data describing a geographic position, area,

borders, and others.
XML Data: A character set containing and XML document.
Queries can be built comparing distances, sizes, relative

positions, and others.
Queries can be built examining the contents of the document.
XPATH expressions can be used to locate specific elements.
Object-Oriented: Tables can be mapped to classes and

procedures attached to the table.
13
Data Type Constraints
The value assigned to a column (attribute) can be further

constrained by specific declarations in the create statement.
NOT NULL: Specifies that a value must always be provided.
These constraints will be automatically enforced by the DBMS.
The columns value can not be NULL.
DEFAULT <value>: If a value is not provided, the given value

will be used to populate the column.
14
Data Type Constraints
CHECK <clause>: Specifies a boolean clause associated with

a column that must always evaluate to true.
DEPT_NUM INTEGER NOT NULL

CHECK (DEPT_NUM > 0 AND DEPT_NUM < 23),
DEPT_NUM column is integer, must be specified, and must be
between 1 and 22.
DOMAIN: This is a SQL user-defined data type.
CREATE DOMAIN DNUMBER AS INTEGER

CHECK (DNUMBER > 0 AND DNUMBER < 23),
DEPT_NUM DNUMBER NOT NULL;
Very few databases support the DOMAIN clause.
15
MySQL Table Definition with Constraints

CREATE TABLE customer (
ìd` BIGINT(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`first_name` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
`last_name` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
`gender` CHAR NOT NULL,
`dob` DATETIME NOT NULL,
èmail` VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
UNIQUE INDEX ÌD_UNIQUE` (ìd` ASC),
UNIQUE INDEX èmail_UNIQUE` (èmail` ASC),
PRIMARY KEY (ìd`)
);
16
Index
An index is another type of database object i.e. it is allocated

space, it stores information, it is maintained.
Every index requires additional DB operations to maintain the

indexs table i.e. add / remove rows, update key attributes.
The index defines a mechanism by which the retrieval of

specific rows can be accelerated.
A means of sorting the rows by different attributes to accelerate

B-TREE retrieval (and others).
Multiple indexes can be maintained on a single table.
17
Index
An index can enhance the performance of an application.
The difference between a linear (n) and log2(n) lookup (search).
An index does not need to be unique.
But a unique index is needed to build a key.
18
Keys and Referential Integrity Constraints
Each column definition can include constraints that describe

the tables key(s) and references from other tables.
Candidate Keys: A set of one or more attributes that uniquely
identify each row.
In MySQL keys are defined as named indexes.

Naming allows the specification of the tables Primary Key.
Primary Key: The single, best candidate key.
The exported key i.e. the key that is used as a foreign key in / by
other tables.
Also serves to suggest the tables physical row ordering.
19
Keys and Referential Integrity Constraints
Natural Key: A key defined by attributes that occur in the

problem domain i.e. a persons SSN or a products serial #.
Also called the Business Key.
Surrogate Key: A key defined by the database schema that

serves only to uniquely identify each row.
This is usually the tables primary key.

Defined by Sequences and auto-increment columns.
20
Foreign Keys
A foreign key is a table attribute that references the primary key

in a different (foreign) table.
Address.cust_id references Customer.id i.e. identifies a customer.
A foreign key is defined by including the primary key of the

referenced table as a column in the referencing table.
Address is the referencing and Customer is the referenced table.
21
Two ways to define a FK Relationship
1-1: The FK ID is maintained on the referencing table
Customer maintains Purchase primary key.

1-1 is slightly more efficient (faster retrieval), but will not allow
more that a single reference.
1-M: The FK ID is maintained on the referenced table.
Address maintain Customers primary key.

Note that Address does not have a primary key but an index is
maintained for the cust_id (FK) attribute making Address a Value
Type in Hibernate.
22
MySQL Table Definition

with Foreign Key Constraints
CREATE TABLE purchase (
ìd` BIGINT(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`purchase_date` DATE NOT NULL,
`customer_id` BIGINT(20) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (ìd`),
UNIQUE INDEX ìd_UNIQUE` (ìd` ASC),
INDEX `fk_purchase_customer1_idx` (`customer_id` ASC),
CONSTRAINT `fk_purchase_customer1`
FOREIGN KEY (`customer_id`)
REFERENCES `customer` (ìd`)
ON DELETE RESTRICT
ON UPDATE RESTRICT
);
23
ON DELETE
Foreign Key Constraints
When we delete a Customer, do we maintain its Address,

Credit Card, and Purchase?
The ON DELETE RESTRICT
No. These owned items should be removed from the database

when the owning Customer is deleted.
By default, the DB will not allow a Customer to be deleted if there

exist a referenced Purchase, Address, or Credit-Card.
The ON DELETE CASCADE
CASCADE will automatically remove any Address, Credit_Card,

and Purchase records before deleting the Customer.
24
ON UPDATE
Foreign Key Constraints
ON UPDATE RESTRICT
Prevents the modification of a referenced (primary) key if there

exists rows in the referencing (FK) table.
Or if the referencing FK attribute is updated to a non-existing
referenced primary key
For example, update Address.cust_id to a non-existing customer ID.
ON UPDATE CASCADE
Updates the referenced attribute triggers a change in all of FK

table attributes.
Only useful if the referenced tables primary key is a Natural Key.
Once assigned, a Surrogate Key should never be changed.
25
COMPANY Schema
Example Schema from Text
26
SELECT Statement
SELECT is the most commonly used operation.
The SELECT statement describes which rows are selected

(identified) and returned to the user or application.
INSERT and UPDATE are also frequently executed.

Creating objects is a one-time operation.
Which tables are being selected from.

Which table attributes are to be returned.
Which table rows are to be returned.
SELECT is the most complex statement in SQL.
There are many ways to extract information from the database.
27
SELECT-FROM-WHERE Clauses
The basic SELECT statement is made up of four parts:

SELECT <attribute-list>
FROM <table-list>
WHERE <conditions>
ORDER BY <attribute-list>;
<attribute-list> is the list of attributes in the querys result set or

used for grouping tuples in the result set.
<table-list> is the set of tables to be joined and queried.
<conditions> describe which tuples are present in the result-set.
Select the rows in the given tables where the attribute values
match the given conditions.
And return only the given columns in the result-set.
28
Simple Select Statement
Return columns BDATE, SEX, ADDRESS from every row in

EMPLOYEE with the given first and last names.
SELECT BDATE, SEX, ADDRESS

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE FNAME = 'Brad' AND LNAME = 'Knight';
SELECT * will retrieve all the columns from EMPLOYEE.
SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE FNAME = 'Brad' AND LNAME = 'Knight';
29
Logical and Physical View of a SELECT
Logically, we can think of the SELECT causing the DB to

iterate over every row in EMPLOYEE and evaluate the where
clause.
The result-set contains those rows where the WHERE clause

conditions holds true.
Physically, the use of an index on fname and lname will

greatly speed the execution of this select statement.
By identifying the CUSTOMER rows that maintain the target

fname/lname attribute values.
30
Join Two Tables
SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, CITY

FROM CUSTOMER, ADDRESS
WHERE ZIPCODE like '75%'
AND CUSTOMER_ID = CUSTOMER.ID;
Select first, last names, city from customer where the

customers address in the 75* zip code area.
Notice the WHERE condition joins rows from both tables.
The join can be between any two columns, but the use of a
foreign key greatly enhances performance.
31
Ambiguous Attribute Names
SELECT C.FIRST_NAME, C.LAST_NAME, A.CITY

FROM CUSTOMER AS C, ADDRESS AS A
WHERE A.ZIPCODE like '75%'
AND A.CUSTOMER_ID = C.ID;
This statement creates aliases C and A which can be used to

identify which attributes are being referenced in the SELECT
and WHERE clauses.
An alias is used
To make the query easier to understand.

To specify which attribute are referenced when multiple tables
have attributes of the same name.
32
Recursive Query
Select each employee and the employees supervisor.

SELECT E.FNAME, E.LNAME, S.FNAME, S.LNAME
FROM
EMPLOYEE AS E,
EMPLOYEE AS S
WHERE E.SUPERSSN = S.SSN;
Note that this query uses EMPLOYEE as two logical tables.

Joins EMPLOYEE to EMPLOYEE where the SUPERSSN
attribute is a foreign key to the employees supervisor SSN
attribute.
33
Default Select
All of the attributes can be returned by a SELECT statement

by using an * as the attribute list.
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT

WHERE DNAME = Research and DNO = DNUMBER;
Returns all of the columns and all of the table rows.
Joins EMPLOYEE to DEPARTMENT returning all attributes from

both tables.
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT;
Returns an unrestricted join i.e. a cross product between the two

tables.
34
Selecting Distinct Values
In some cases we wish to return only distinct values in our

results i.e. eliminate rows with duplicate values from RS.
In this example, many employees may have the same salary.

SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEE;
Returns the SALARY attribute from each row including duplicate

salary values.
SELECT DISTINCT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEE;
The DISTINCT keyword causes the SELECT to return all the

unique values from the SALARY column i.e. without duplicates.
35
Set Operations on Tables
SQL provides three operations that can be performed on a

SELECTs result set.
SELECT1 UNION SELECT2
SELECT1 EXCEPT SELECT2
The union of the two selects result sets.

Subtract the member of SELECT1 from SELECT2
SELECT1 INTERSECT SELECT2
The intersection of the SELECT1 and SELECT2.
36
Example Union
(SELECT DISTINCT pnumber

FROM PROJECT, DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE
WHERE dnum = dnumber AND mgrssn=ssn AND lname='Wong')
UNION
(SELECT DISTINCT pnumber
FROM PROJECT, WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE
WHERE pnumber = pno AND essn=ssn AND lname = 'Wong');
Select projects where either the projects manager or projects
employee is named Wong.
Generally, the selected attributes should be the same in both
SELECT statements.
37
String Matching
SQL String wildcard symbol is % and uses the LIKE clause

to perform the wildcard query.
The equals symbol = performs an exact match on the pattern

string.
SELECT fname, lname

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE address LIKE '%Houston%TX%';
Select the names of employees living in Houston TX.
38
String Matching
The underscore _ can be used to match any single

character.
Two queries that select all employees born in the 1950s.
SELECT fname, lname

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE bdate LIKE '__5_______';
SELECT fname, lname
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE bdate LIKE 195%';
Interesting to note that we are performing a string matching

operation on column BDATE of type Date.
39
String Matching
Literal strings can be quoted using the single or double tick

symbols ( or ).
A backslash \ can be used to escape a % or _ when used in
a match.
Literal strings can be concatenated using the || operator.
40
BETWEEN operator
The BETWEEN / AND operator can be used to match values

between two literals.
SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE (salary BETWEEN 30000 AND 40000) AND dno = 5;
The between operator works with strings.
41
Arithmetic Operators in SELECT
Arithmetic operators (+-*/) can be used in the SELECT and

WHERE clauses.
SELECT fname, lname, salary*1.1 as 'Salary W 10% Raise

FROM Employee
WHERE salary*1.1 > 100000;
Select employees whose 10% raise places their salary over 100K.
Notice the use of the AS clause to create a human readable

column header for the query.
42
Ordering the Result Set
The order of the result can be specified by the ORDER BY

clause.
Multiple attributes can be listed in the clause.
SELECT D.dname, E.lname, E.fname, P.pname

FROM DEPARTMENT D, EMPLOYEE E, WORKS_ON W, PROJECT P
WHERE D.dnumber=E.dno AND E.ssn=W.essn AND W.pno=P.pnumber
ORDER BY D.dname, E.lname, E.fname;
Retrieve a list of employees and the projects they are working on,
ordered by department and, within each department,
ordered alphabetically by last name, then first name.
Notice the use of aliases to make the query easier to

understand.
43
INSERT Statement
Generally, the INSERT statement is used to insert a new tuple

/ row into a table.
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE

VALUES ( 'Richard', 'K', 'Marini', '653298653', '1962-12-30',
'98 Oak Forest, Katy, TX', 'M', 37000, '653298653', 4 );
Notice that the order of the values must match the order and
number of the table columns declared in the CREATE statement.
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (fname, lname, dno, ssn)

VALUES ('Richard', 'Marini', 4, '653298653');
Optionally, attribute names can be specified as shown above.
44
Insert from a Nested Select
Insert rows generated by a SELECT from other tables.
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON_INFO

(emp_name, proj_name, hours_per_week)
SELECT E.lname, P.pname, W.hours
FROM PROJECT P, WORKS_ON W, EMPLOYEE E
WHERE P.pnumber = W.pno AND W.essn = E.ssn;
The definition of the table works_on_info is in the slide notes.
Note how the nested SELECT provides the values for the
INSERT statement.
The selected columns (lname, pname, hours) must match the
data types and sizes of the inserted works_on_info table.
45
DELETE Statement
The DELETE statement removes zero or more tuples (rows)

from a relation (table).
DELTE FROM <Table> [WHERE <condition>];
DELETE operates on only a single table.

The WHERE clause is optional and identifies which rows to
remove (just like the SELECT).
Removing a tuple can not violate a schema integrity

constraint.
Can not delete a tuple that is being reference by another tuple

through a foreign key (Unless the CASCADE option is used).
For example, can not remove an EMPLOYEE that is being
reference by DEPENDENT though the essn attribute.
46
Example DELETE statements
DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE lname=Brown;
DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE dno=5;
Deletes N employees from department 5.
DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE ssn=123456789;
Remove the rows from EMPLOYEE where lname = Brown.
Removes a single tuple as EMPLOYEE.ssn is a unique attribute.
DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE;
Removes all rows from EMPLOYEE but not the table itself.
47
UPDATE Statement
The UPDATE statement modifies the attribute values of

existing tuples.
UPDATE <table>
SET <attribute>=<value>,+
WHERE <conditions>
UPDATE can only operate on a single table.

The ATTR=Value specifies the new value for ATTR.
The WHERE conditions identify the tuples to modify.
48
UPDATE Statement
UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET salary = salary * 1.1
WHERE dno = 5;
Give all employees belonging to Department 5 a 10% raise.
49

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Basic SQL

Last Updated 12/29/2014 1:02 PM

CS 4347 Introduction to Database Systems

Michael Christiansen 2014

Structured Query Language

SQL is the standard language supported by all Relational

SQL has been an ANSI standard since 1986.

Encompasses both Data Definition and Data Manipulation.

Used to create DB schema, tables, views and other objects

CS4347 Introduction to Database Systems

Michael Christiansen 2014

SQL Language Overview

Table, Row and Column are SQL / RDBMS equivalents of

However, schema, table, attribute, etc. names can be made

CS4347 Introduction to Database Systems

Michael Christiansen 2014

Schema and Namespaces

A DBMS can maintain the tables and data for several

Namespace is the mechanism used to partition the objects

Each application needs it own namespace.

A schema allows user access to the DBMS can be restricted

CS4347 Introduction to Database Systems

Michael Christiansen 2014

Schema and Catalog

A schema is a database object which partitions its objects

A databases catalog includes a special schema

CS4347 Introduction to Database Systems

Michael Christiansen 2014

SQL provides these statements that allow the user to CRUD

CREATE: Create relational objects.

All of these statements maintain several options that determine

CS4347 Introduction to Database Systems

Michael Christiansen 2014

The CREATE statement is used to create database objects.

The general format is CREATE <OBJECT> <Options>

CREATE schema, table, view, trigger, etc.

A schema and all of its objects can be removed with the

CS4347 Introduction to Database Systems

Michael Christiansen 2014

CS4347 Introduction to Database Systems

Michael Christiansen 2014

Example CREATE TABLE with Column Definitions

CS4347 Introduction to Database Systems

Michael Christiansen 2014

SQL Data Types

The CREATE TABLE statement includes definitions of the

Numeric Types: Integer and floats of varying sizes, usually

INTEGER (10 digits), BIGINT (19 digits), SMALLINT (5 digits)

Decimal numbers are used to represent prices.

REAL, FLOAT, DOUBLE: Floating point numbers with increasing

CS 4347 Introduction to Database Systems

Michael Christiansen 2014

SQL Data Types

Character Types: Character arrays (string) of both fixed and

CHARACTER(N) or CHAR(N) is a character string of fixed length

CS4347 Introduction to Database Systems

Michael Christiansen 2014

SQL Data Types

BOOLEAN: Simple true/false.

DATE / TIME / TIMESTAMP: Represent a point in time with

ENUM(M, F) describes the values of a GENDER column.

DATE is a date at 12:00 AM.

BLOB: Binary Large Object

Used to store large binary data such as a mpg or jpg file.