VISOKA KOLA PRIMENJENIH STRUKOVNIH STUDIJA

FOREST ECOLOGY
The Protection of Natural Resources and
Environment

PROFESSOR
Prof. Dr Maja Stanojevi Goci

STUDENT
Isidor Dimitrijevi 57/ZS

Contents:

Introduction

Forests in Serbia

Ecosystem of Tara National Park

Ecosystem of Fruska Gora National Park

Conclusion

Literature

INTRODUCTION:

The main parts of the forest ecosystem are soil, air, wild life
communities and geological substrate

Different organisms inhabit different parts of the forest

The word "ecology" comes from the Greek "oikos, meaning

"household" or "place to live

Forest ecology is the scientific study of the interrelated patterns,

processes, flora, fauna and ecosystems in forests

The managent of forests is known as forestry, sivilculture and

forest management

FORESTS IN SERBIA:

Serbia is considered to be a middle-forested country

From the total area of its territory, 29.1% (in Vojvodina 7,1%,
and in Central Serbia 37,6%) are covered by forest

Forest coverage is, when compared on a global scale, similar to

world forest coverage which accounts for 30%

The total forest area in Serbia is 2,252,000 h

ECOSYSTEM OF THE NATIONAL PARK TARA:

In the National Park Tara forests cover 80% of the national park,
which is an excellent forest cover
Forest ecosystems of Tara mountain are among the best
preserved and the most productive forest ecosystems of Europe
Mountain peats are important and sensitive habitats in the
meadow ecosystems, with characteristic species inhabiting them,
and they are on the list of protected habitats of Europe
Vegetation of rocks is the most common on vertical rocks and
cliffs in the canyon of the river and the semi-limestone massif
Agricultural ecosystems are represented in the form of a
small, isolated area covered with crops, fruit trees, and few cereal
culture
Inland water ecosystems in the National Park Tara are
consisted of lakes, streams and rivers ecosystems in the National
Park Tara

FLORA OF THE NATIONAL PARK TARA:

There are 34 forest and 19 meadow communities, where the

forest plant communities are the fundamental phenomenon and
the greatest value of Tara

Tara is known as a refuge for many endangered endemic, relict

and endemic-relict species, amongst which the most valuable is
the endemic- relict Serbian spruce

Communities of plantain, corn buttercup, mat-grass, smooth

flatsedge, rattle and crested dogstail replace each other on the
fields of Tara

On rocks and sandbanks the presence of interesting plant

communities with endemic character has been discovered, such
as a plant community dominated by endemic species Derventan
cornflower

FAUNA OF THE NATIONAL PARK TARA:

At Tara were recorded so far:

53 species of mammals
140 species of birds
25 species of amphibians and reptiles
19 species of fishes
115 species of butterflies

The fauna of mammals of Tara includes 53 species

The bear is strictly protected wild species and in the park there is
the largest population of them in Serbia, with a reproduction
center in the country
There are about 100 species of birds strictly protected by National
laws

ECOSYSTEM OF THE NATIONAL PARK

FRUSKA GORA:

Fruska Gora is proclaimed a National Park in 1960 in order to

provide its permanent protection and to improve its natural
resources and beauty

Fruska Gora is an isolated, narrow, island mountain in Pannonia

plain

It is intended by river courses extending to the south and north,

with some side ranges with steep slopes, spreading from the
main narrow range

Its location, specific geological history and different microclimatic

conditions make it very interesting and important to science

FLORA OF THE NATIONAL PARK FRUSKA

GORA:

Flora at Fruska gora mountain is very diverse and specific.There

are about 1500 flora species growing on the protected zone of
national park

Fifteen (Anthyrium, Asplenium, Cheilanthes, Cystopteris,

Dryopteris, Gymnocarpium etc.) genus of ferns (Pteridophyta)
vegetate on Fruska gora

Among them are 6 natural rarities in Serbia

The Fruska gora in terms of vegetation represents a forest area

with varied types of climatogenous forest communities

The forests cover about 90 % of the total surface of the National

Park

FAUNA OF THE NATIONAL PARK FRUSKA

GORA:

Fauna of the Fruska gora is rich in species, but the populations of

certain mammals and birds are considerably reduced

There are still quite large numbers of does, boars and other game
species, while deer are bred in the hunting reserves in the
National Park

The most important species, protected as natural rarities are:

stag-beetle hill ant and certain representatives of butterflies

Till today, 110 bird species have been recorded

In recent years, the number of a rare and protected species of

pine marten has increased, and presence of jackals have been
recorded, as a new species in the expansion in the Fruska gora
region

FUNGI OF THE NATIONAL PARK FRUSKA

GORA:

On Fruska Gora mountain, fungi are growing on pastures,

meadows, in forests - everywhere where the land is not
cultivated

One should be very careful picking up the mushrooms, because

there are some deadly species on Fruska Gora also - zelena
pupavka (Amanita phalloides) and panterovka (Amanita
pantherina)

Poisonous, but not deadly, are zuta pupavka (Amanita citrina),

muhara (Amanita muscaria), ludara (Boletus satanas) and
bljuvara (Russula emetica)

CONCLUSION:

It is important for humanity to understand its environment

because we have the ability to modify the environment through
the use of technology, and through overexploitation of natural
resources as a result of greed or sheer pressure of numbers

Ecology is more than just the understanding of the

interrelationships between organisms and their environment; it
also has social, political, economic and technological dimensions

Ecology has increasingly moved towards the realization that

organisms traits and activities are vital for understanding
community dynamics and ecosystem processes

LITERATURE:
1. Malis Sazdovska, Marina, Ekoloki kriminal i unitavanje uma
u Bivoj Jugoslovenskoj Republici Makedoniji, Pregled
okolia/ivotne sredine u Jugoistonoj Evropi, Themis,
Beograd, 2013
2. Kimmins, James P., Fores Ecology (Third Edition), Benjamin
Cummings, 2003
3. http://cpacesclass.blogspot.com/2013/05/honors-biologyecology-basics.html
4. National Forest Inventory of the Republic of Serbia, 2009
5. http://www.srbijasume.rs/sumskifonde.html
6. http://www.nptara.rs/en/
7. http://www.npfruskagora.co.rs/