Conservation Laws

INTEGRAL FORMS OF BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS

WHEN CONTROL VOLUME IS AT REST RELATIVE TO INERTIAL AXES
Typical Control Volume

V
n

n
n = unit outward normal to the surface
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A. Oztekin 2005

Mass and linear momentum

The density of the material is defined by
the condition that mass of material in V + B

m dV
V

The material, or bulk, velocity v is defined by

the condition that
Linear Momentum of material in V + B

p vdV
V

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A. Oztekin 2005

Conservation of Mass
rate of change of mass in V B
rate of change of mass in V
rate at which mass is leavingacross B.

dm

dV ( v n)dA
V t
B
dt

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A. Oztekin 2005

Newton's Second Law

rate of change of linear momentum of material in V B
total force exerted on material in V B from outside .

dp

dt

( v)
dV v( v n)dA
B
t

gdV fdA.

g body force per unit mass ( gravity)

f surface force per unit area (elastic or viscous )
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First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy Equation)

Usually,

E edV i v v dV
V
2

where

e i v v
2

i internal energy per unit mass of the material

E total energyof the system
e energyof the systemper unit mass
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Conservation of Energy - Continued

rate at which energy, E , of materialin V B changes

rate at which body forces do work in V
rate at which surface forces do work at B
rate at which energyis generatedin V
rate at which heat is conductedacross the boundary B .

Introduction

A. Oztekin 2005

Conservation of Energy - Continued

dE

dt

e
V t dV B e( v n)dA

( v g)dV ( v f )dA

q
dV (q n)dA
V

q heat flux per unit area

q rate at which energy is generated per unit mass
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HEAT CONDUCTION IN A RIGID MATERIAL

Assumptions:

constant , v 0, g 0, f pn,
p constant.

Energy Equation Becomes

i
V t dV B (q n)dA V qdV 0.
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HEAT CONDUCTION IN A RIGID MATERIAL Continued

q qx , qy , qz

If

DIVERGENCE THEOREM implies that

q x q y q z
B (q n)dA V ( x y z )dV
so that

i q x q y q z
V ( t x y z q)dV 0
Introduction

A. Oztekin 2005

Consequently, at all points of the region

i q x q y q z

q .
t x
y
z
Assumptions:
Internal energy is a function only of temperature and
Fourier's law holds so

i i (T ), q k (T )T
T
T
T
or q x k (T )
, q y k (T )
, qz k (T )
.
x
y
z
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Equation for

T( x, y , z, t ) :

T
c p (T )

T
( k (T )
) ( k (T )
) ( k (T )
) q
x
x
y
y
z
z
Definitionof the specificheat,cp
di
cp
.
dT
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Non-isotropic Material
k will be different in different directions
When k is constant and second order tensor

T
2T
2T
2T
c p (T )
k xx 2 k yy 2 k zz 2
t
x
y
z
2T
2T
2T
k xy k yx k yz k zy k xz k zx q
xy
yz
xz

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Isotropic Material
Coefficients are constant and isotropic material

T
k

t
c p

2T 2T 2T 1
2 2 2 q
y
z c p
x

T
1
2
T q
t
cp
k

: therm al diffusivity
c p
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When there is no heat generation

T
2T
t

where k

c p

Unsteady heat conduction Parabolic Equation

Infinite velocity of propagation of effects

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Suggestion:
Use of Telegraph Equation Damped Wave Equation
Hyperbolic Equation the disturbances propagate with a
finite velocity

1 T 2 1 T
2

T
2
2
c t
t
where c 2

Usually
Introduction

c2

0 0 relaxation tim e
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1 T
2T
t
15

Cartesian Coordinate System

2
2
2

2
T 2 2 2 T
z
x y

Cylindrical Coordinate System with x r cos , y rSin and z z

2
2

2
T
2 T
r 2
2
z
r r r r

Spherical Coordinate System

with x r sin cos , y r sin sin and z r cos

2
2

2
T
r 2
sin
2 2
T
2
2
r sin
r sin
r r

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Thermal Conductivity k (W/(m K) for heat diffusion

Metallic Solid (W/mK)

Silver
418
Cu
387
Stainless Steel 16

Liquids
W/(m K)
Hg
8
Water
5
Freon 0.07

Nonmetallic Solids
Periclas, MgO
42
Quartz
19
Quartz fused
2
Pyrex
1

Gases
H2
0.175
He
0.141
Air
0.0243

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Thermal Conductivity k
kmetals > knonmetals
ksolid > kliquid > kgas
the effect of density solid > liquid > gas

k is affected by
(a) impurities (most values are given for pure substances)
(b) radiation damage
(c) alloying

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Thermal Conductivity k
For metals,
Electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity are related by
k = L0 T
where L0 : Lorentz constant, : electrical conductivity
For gases,
k cv
for monatomic gases (rigid sphere molecules) k = 5/2 cv
In general,
k depends on temperature T
k may also depend on pressure (p) and composition (c)
k usually is decreasing function of T for solids and liquids
and is increasing function of T for gases
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Boundary Conditions at a Surface

1. Specify the temperature
x0 :

T (0, y, z, t ) T0 ( y, z, t ).

T = T0(x,y,z)

Solid

Another Material

T(x,y,z,t)

x=0

2. Specify the heat flux

T
k
q0 ( y, z, t ).
x

Special case when the surface is insulated

T
0.
x
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Boundary Conditions at a Surface - Continued

3. Surface convection
T
k
h(T0 ( y , z , t ) T1 ).
x

x0 :
T = T0(x,y,z)

Solid

T1
Another Material

4. Surface radiation

T(x,y,z,t)

T
4
(T04 ( y , z , t ) T1 ).
x
: Stefan - Boltzman constant
: emissivity (0 1)

x=0

5. Surface convection and radiation

T
4
k
h(T0 ( y , z , t ) T1 ) (T04 ( y , z , t ) T1 ).
x
In general coefficients k, h, and vary from point to point on the surface
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