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Modeling the Area Restrict

Searching Strategy of Stingless


Bees, Trigona biroi, as a
Quasi-Random Walk Process
Jomar F. Rabajante
Math Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and
Physics
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Roberto B. Figueroa Jr.
Institute of Computer Science
University of the Philippines Los
Baños
Arian J. Jacildo
Institute of Computer Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños

9th Annual National Convention


Philippine Society for the Study of Nature (PSSN)
12-15 November 2009
Mindanao State University – Iligan Institue of Technology
(MSU-IIT) Ilagan City, Lanao del Norte, Philippines
Outline
Outline
• Introduction
• Model Formulation
▫ Optimal Foraging Theory
▫ Biroi Preference Algorithm
▫ Area Restrict Searching strategy
• Visualization using Netlogo (demo)
• Conclusions and Recommendations
• References
© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los
Introduction
Outline
Interdisciplinary research collaboration
– Mathematics
• Mathematical Modeling
– Computer Science
• Computer Visualization
– Biological Science
• Tool for teaching
– UPLB Bee Program
• Aid in planning for beekeeping

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


Introduction: Pollination
Outline
“If the bees disappeared off the surface of the globe, then
man would only have four years of life left. No more bees,
no more pollination, no more plants, no more animals, no
more man” - Eistein

Bees are good natural cross-pollinators


• Pollination helps provide adequate food
supply for human (Can increase crop
production by 40%)
• Pollination helps sustain biodiversity of
plant species
© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los
Introduction: Pollination
Outline
Why study bees’ foraging behavior?
• Pollination usually happens during the
foraging activity of bees.

Trigona biroi Friese


• stingless (Meliponini)
• native in the Philippines
• better pollinator than the honeybees (Apis)

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


Introduction: Pollination
Outline

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


Model Formulation
Outline
Foraging Behavior of bees

• Optimal Foraging Theory


Bees are maximizing the benefits that can be
obtained from the food vis-à-vis the costs needed
in foraging

• Marginal Value Theorem


Bees find another food source when the
profitability of the food is diminishing

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


Model Formulation
Outline
Foraging Behavior of bees

• Patch hopping

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


Model Formulation
Outline
Foraging Behavior of bees

The number of paths is computed as follows:

where n is the number of feeders


© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los
Model Formulation
Outline
Foraging Behavior of bees

Determining the
paths through
experiments:

Compare the
skewness of the
distributions of
time visitation
of bees
© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los
Model Formulation
Outline
Stochastic Process

• Probabilities

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


Model Formulation
Outline
Stochastic Process

• Not Purely Random - the chances of


going to certain feeders are not all
equal
• Bees have preferences (following the
Optimal Foraging Theory)

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


Biroi Preference Algorithm
Outline
• A general model that mimics the foraging
preferences of bees
• Uses Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


Biroi Preference Algorithm
Outline
(AHP)
CRITERIA Height Sucrose Distance
Concentration

Height 1 5 1/3 0.267399

Sucrose 1/5 1 1/9 0.063736


Concentration

Distance 3 9 1 0.668864

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


Biroi Preference Algorithm
Outline
AHP
Values for Food1 Values for Food2 Values for Food3
Distance = 5m Distance = 6m Distance = 7m Height Sucrose% Distance
Height = 6m Height = 6m Height = 3m Height 1 5 1/3
Sucrose% = 40% Sucrose% = 50% Sucrose% = 60% Sucrose% 1/5 1 1/9
… … … Distance 3 9 1

Food2 Food3
Food1
Biroi Preference
? ? Algorithm
?
Probabilities

Hive

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


Area Restrict Searching
Outline

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


NetLogo Simulation
Outline
Use simulation than exhaustive
enumeration of possibilities

Foragers Select Food


Scouts
Source via Biroi
Randomly
Preference Algorithm
Search Food
plus
Sources
Area Restrict Searching

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


NetLogo Simulation (demo)
Outline

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


Conclusions
Outline
• We have improved our model for bee
foraging behavior by incorporating area
restrict searching.

• We have implemented a software to


visualize our model using Netlogo, an
agent based simulation tool.

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


Recommendations
Outline
• Incorporate
other
parameters (e.g.
environmental
factors)
• Improve the
multi-agent
design (e.g. 3D
view)

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


Acknowledgement
Outline
• UPLB Bee Program
• Institute of Mathematical Sciences and
Physics
• Institute of Computer Science
• College of Arts and Sciences

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


Research Team
Outline

Roberto B. Figueroa
Jr.

Jomar F. Rabajante

Arian J. Jacildo

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los


Selected References
Outline
• Biroi Preference Algorithm
– Rabajante, et al. (2009)
• Bee Behavior
– Nieh, et al. (2000)
– Roubik, et al. (1995)
• AHP
– Taha, H. A. (2007)
• Netlogo
– Wilensky, U. (1999)
http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo

© 2009 University of the Philippines at Los

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