CONTRIBUTIONS OF MUSLIM

MATHEMATICIANS

Muslim contribution to Mathematics - YouTube_mpeg4.mp4

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Plato

Aristotle

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Tadabbur

Deliberation

Tafakkur

Thinking

Tavaqual

Reasoning

MATHEMATICAL
REASONING

World of science

AIM
To highlt the contributions of
Muslims in Mathematics

SEQUENCE
PART-I
Contributions of Muslims in Algebra
Maj Muhammad Zafar

PART-II
Contributions of Muslims in Geometry
Capt Muhammad Saeed
PART-III
Contributions of Muslims in Trigonometry
Capt Tahir Imran

ACHIEVEMENTS OF MUSLIMS IN ALGEBRA

ALGEBRA
Add 2 to left side

In Balance

Out of Balance

Add 2 to right side

In balance again

Describes relationships between things that vary over

time
It is a study in logic

BRANCHES OF ALGEBRA
Elementary Algebra

Abstract Algebra
Linear Algebra
Universal Algebra

Algebraic Number Theory

Algebraic Geometry

Algebraic Combinatory

MUHAMMAD IBN MUSA AL-KHWARIZMI

Born

c. 780

Died

c. 850

Ethnicity

Persian

First to use zero as a place holder in positional

base notation
Algorithm has been derived from his name
The word algebra is derived from his book
Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala (first book to be
written on algebra)

CONTRIBUTIONS
First to use ZERO as place holder in positional based
notation

00000001

10000001

10000000
Introduced use of zero to Europe

CONTRIBUTIONS
Provided base for Computer Algorithm

CONTRIBUTIONS
Introduction of Arabic numerals based on place-value
decimal system
Arabic numerals provided a pivotal advance over the
cumbersome Roman numerals and assisted progress in
science and accounting

CONTRIBUTIONS
Developed the decimal system

CONTRIBUTIONS
Developed several arithmetical procedures including
Operations on fractions

CONTRIBUTIONS
Provided procedure for solving linear and quadratic
equations
Squares equal roots (ax2 = bx)
Squares equal number (ax2 = c)
Roots equal number (bx = c)
Squares and roots equal number (ax2 + bx = c)
Squares and number equal roots (ax2 + c = bx)
Roots and number equal squares (bx + c = ax2)

CONTRIBUTIONS
Developed Calculus of two errors, which led him to the
concept of differentiation

BOOKS
Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah from whose title came the name
Algebra
Kitab al-Jama wal-Tafreeq bil Hisab al-Hindi
Kitab Surat-al-Ard
Istikhraj Tarikh al-Yahud (about the Jewish calendar)
Kitab al-Tarikh
Kitab al-Rukhmat (about sun-dials)

THABIT IBN QURRA

Born

826 CE, Harran

Died

February 18, 901, Baghdad

Era

Islamic Golden Age

Region

Islamic civilization

Main interest

Mathematics, Mechanics,
Astronomy, Astrology, Number
theory

Notable ideas

Early reformer of the Ptolemaic

system, A founder of statics,
Length of the sidereal year

CONTRIBUTIONS
Discovered an equation for determining the amicable
Numbers

(220, 284), (1184, 1210), (2620, 2924),

(5020,5564), (6232, 6368)

Established a rule for finding amicable numbers

a = (3 x 2n) 1
b = (3 x 2n-1) 1
c = (32 x 22n-1) 1

CONTRIBUTIONS
Wrote on the theory of numbers, and extended their use
to describe the Ratios between geometrical quantities

CONTRIBUTIONS
Calculated the solution to a chessboard problem

ABU KAMIL SHUJA IBN ASLAM

Born

c. 850

Died

c. 930

Era

Islamic Golden Age

Region

Egypt

Main interests -

Algebra, Geometry

Major works

The Book of Algebra

Influenced

Al-Khawarizmi, Al-Karaji,
Fibonacci

CONTRIBUTIONS
Contributions to algebra and geometry

CONTRIBUTIONS
Considered the first mathematician to systematically use
accept irrational numbers

CONTRIBUTIONS
Mathematical
Fibonacci

techniques

were

later

adopted

by

CONTRIBUTIONS
First Islamic mathematician to work easily with algebraic
Equations
Solved sets of non-linear simultaneous equations with
three unknown Variables

BOOKS
Book of Algebra

Solved systems of equations with whole numbers,

fractions, and accepted irrational numbers

BOOKS
Book of Rare Things in the Art of Calculation
Described a number of systematic procedures for finding
integral solutions for indeterminate equations

Book of Rare Things in the Art of

Calculation

BOOKS
On the Pentagon and Decagon

In which he solved indeterminate linear systems

with positive integral solutions

BOOKS
On Measurement and Geometry

Wrote

manual

of

geometry

for

non-

mathematicians, like land surveyors and other

government officials

Measurement and Geometry

IBN AL-HAYTHAM
Born
Died
Fields
Known for

Influences
Influenced

July 1, 965 (age 1045) Basra

Circa July 1, 965 (aged -75) Egypt
physicist and Mathematician
Book of Optics, Doubts Concerning
Ptolemy, On the Configuration of
the World, The Model of the
Motions,Treatise on Light, Treatise
on Place, scientific method,
experimental science,
experimental
physics,
Aristotle, Euclid, Ptolemy
Averroes, Roger Bacon, Kepler

CONTRIBUTIONS
Worked on number theory and introduced perfect
numbers and Golden Ratio

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610

CONTRIBUTIONS
Golden Ratio
Golden Ratio is an irrational number
It has an infinite number of decimal places and
never repeats itself
Rounded the Golden Ratio to 1.618

FLORETS OF THE DAISY

34 : 21 = 1.618

SPIRALS OF A PINECONE
8 : 5 = 1.6
13 : 8= 1.6

SPIRALS OF A PINECONE
Scientists speculate that plants
that grow in spiral formation do so in
perfect numbers because this arrangement
makes for the perfect spacing for growth.
So for some reason, these numbers provide
the perfect arrangement for maximum
growth potential and survival of the plant

HUMAN HAND

HUMAN FOREARM
3
3

Ratio = 3/4

GOLDEN RATIO
a
b
c
d
e
f

=
=
=
=
=
=

g
h
i
j
k
l

=
=
=
=
=
=

Top-of-head to chin
Top-of-head to pupil
Pupil to nose tip
Pupil to lip
Width of nose
Outside distance
between eyes
Width of head
Hairline to pupil
Nose tip to chin
Lips to chin
Length of lips
Nose tip to lips

= cm
= cm
= cm
= cm
= cm
= cm
= cm
= cm
= cm
= cm
= cm
= cm

a/g = 1.6 cm
b/d = 1.6 cm
i/j = 1.6 cm
i/c = 1.6 cm
e/l = 1.6 cm
f/h = 1.6 cm
k/e = 1.6 cm

GEOMETRY
Geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals
with shapes and sizes

POINT & LINE

Point
Line

CIRCLE
Circle is a plane curve where all points are equidistant

from a point in the plane called the center

POLYGONS
Any plane figure bounded by straight lines is a polygon

TRIANGLE
A plane figure bounded by three straight lines

QUADRILATERAL
A plane figure bounded by four straight lines

Trapezoids

Parallelograms

Rhombus

SPHERE

A surface where all points are equidistant from one

point

The equator on Earth is a great circle

POLYHEDRON
Polyhedron is a figure bounded by plane surfaces

PRISM & PYRAMID

A polyhedron that has parallel and
congruent polygons

A polyhedron that has a polygon as

its base and sides that consist of
triangles having a common vertex,
called the apex

GEOMETERY
Muslim mathematicians gave the ideas in geometry

Architects
Decorators
Engineers

GEOMETERY
Application of Physical sciences and especially in Theory
of Relativity

E=

2
mc

GEOMETERY
Artificial Satellites follow elliptic orbit around Earth

GEOMETERY
Navigators use to guide boats, planes and Space Ships

GEOMETERY
To guide Vessels, aim Guns and Missiles by
military personnel

GEOMETERY
Land Surveying, Navigation and Astronomy

GEOMETERY
Architects and Engineers use geometry in planning
buildings, bridges and roads

GEOMETERY
Reestablished boundaries of Nile river

OMER IBN IBRAHIM AL-KHAYYAM

Born

1048

Died

1131

School

Persian mathematics, Persian

poetry, Persian philosophy

Main interests -

Poetry, Mathematics, Philosophy,

Astronomy

Influenced by

Ab Rayhn al-Brn, Avicenna

CONTRIBUTIONS
Explained the difficulties in the postulates of Eucliden
Elements

Ratios

Modern continued fractions

Multiplication of ratios

Article of Khayyam is considered as the first treatment

of parallels axiom

CONTRIBUTIONS
Gave the concept of Saccheri Quadrilateral
Proved the parallel postulate from Principle of the

philosopher

BOOKS
Explanations of the difficulties in the
postulates of Euclidean's Elements
Risala Dar Wujud

ABU SAHL AL-QUHI

Born
Died
Era
Region
Main interest

Notable ideas

c. 940
c. 1000
Islamic
Iran
Physics, Mathematics and
Astronomy
Archimedean and
Apollonian problems

CONTRIBUTIONS
One of the greatest Muslim geometers

Many mathematical and astronomical writings are

ascribed to him
Leader of the astronomers working in 988 AD at the

observatory built by the Buwayhid

CONTRIBUTIONS
Devoted his attention to those equations higher than

the second degree

Solved and discussed the conditions of solvability

THABIT IBN QURRA

Born

826 CE, Harran

Died

February 18, 901, Baghdad

Era

Islamic Golden Age

Region

Islamic civilization

Main interest

Mathematics, Mechanics,
Astronomy, Astrology

Notable ideas

Early reformer of the Ptolemaic

system, A founder of statics,
Length of the sidereal year

CONTRIBUTIONS

Greeks were the master of geometry

Translated Euclids book the Elements into Arabic

G
E
O
M
E
T
R
Y

CONTRIBUTIONS
Removed the difficulties of Euclideans geometry
Duplication of the cube
Trisection of the angle
Quadrature of the circle

CONTRIBUTIONS
Worked on Cubature, Quaderaturte and developed
integral calculus

NASIR AL-DIN AL-TUSI

Birth
Death
Ethnicity
Region
Main interests

Works
Akhlaq-iAsturlabiyah,
Influences
Influenced

18 February 1201
26 June 1274 (aged 73)
Persian
Iran
Mathematics, Islamic Philosophy,
Astronomy, Biology and Physics
Rawda-yi Taslm, Tajrid al-'Aqaid,
Nasri, Zij-i ilkhani, al-Risalah alAl-Tadhkirah fi'ilm al-hay'ah
Avicenna, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Ibn Khaldun, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, Ibn
al-Shatir

CONTRIBUTIONS
one circle rolls inside the circumference of another
circle, periphery of first describe the diameter of second

CONTRIBUTIONS
Gave the concept that circular motion can generate a
linear motion

CONTRIBUTIONS
Proved parallel postulates of Euclid

TRIGONOMETRY

TRIGONOMETRY
Deals with the relationships between the sides and
angles of a triangle

CLASSIFICATION OF TRIGONOMETRY

SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY

PLANE GEOMETRY
Deals with figures lying wholly in a single plane

Angle -+ve
ve
Clockwise rotation
in the
plane
Counterclockwise
rotation
in the
plane

SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
Deals with triangles that are sections of the surface of a
sphere

Navigation

Astronomy

CONTRIBUTIONS

ABU AL-WAFA BUZJANI

Born

June 10, 940 Buzhgan

Died

997 or 998 CE Baghdad

Era

Islamic Golden Age

Region

Islamic civilization

Main interests -

Mathematics

Notable ideas

Tangent function

and

Astronomy
Law of sines,

Several trigonometric identities

Influenced by

Al-Battani

CONTRIBUTIONS
Gave Tangent function for problems involving rightangled spherical triangle

CONTRIBUTIONS
Developed a new technique to calculate sine tables

Graph of sine table

CONTRIBUTIONS
Formulae governing the relationship between six basic
trigonometric functions
opposite
sin x
hypotenous

hypotenous
cos ecx
opposite

adjacent
cos x
hypotenous

hypotenous
sec x
adjacent

opposite
tan x
adjacent

adjacent
cot x
opposite

CONTRIBUTIONS
Demonstrate the set theorem for the general spherical
triangle

sin 2sin

cos

Introduced the theorem of the tangents for the spherical

oblique triangle

tan b
sin c
tan B

CONTRIBUTIONS
Established several trigonometric identities in their
modern form

sin( )= sin cos cos sin

Discovered the law of sines for spherical triangles

sin A sin B sin C

sin sin
sin

CONTRIBUTIONS
Presented definite form of secant and cosecant functions

CONTRIBUTIONS
Almagest (Greek work on astronomy)

Solutions to determine the direction of Qibla

BOOKS
Kitab Ilm al-Hisab
Al-Kitab al-Kamil
Kitab al-Handsa

ABU NASR MANSUR

Born

970, Gilan

Died

1036, Ghazni

Fields

Astronomer Mathematician

Known for

Trigonometric Law of sines

CONTRIBUTIONS
Well known for spherical sine law

CONTRIBUTIONS
Focused on math, but some of his writings were on

astronomy

CONTRIBUTIONS
Preserved and reworked many of the Greeks theorems

ARTICLES
Properties of spherical triangles

Properties of systems of parallel circles on a sphere

Proof of Menelauss theorem

JAMSHID AL-KASHI
Birth

1380

Death

22nd June, 1429

Ethnicity

Persian

Region

Iran

Main interests

Astronomy, Mathematics

Notable ideas

Pi decimal determination to
the 16th place

Works

Sullam al-Sama

CONTRIBUTIONS
Provided law of cosines

CONTRIBUTIONS
Computed sin 1 nearly equal to

Sin

0
1=

CONTRIBUTIONS
Invented the following formula to determine sin10

sin3 = 3sin - 4sin

3

ABU AL-RAYHAN AL-BIRUNI

Born
Died
Era
Region
Main interests -

Notable ideas Major works Influenced by -

Influenced

September 5, 973, Persia

December 15, 1048
Islamic Golden Age
Persia
Physics, anthropology, comparative
sociology, astronomy, astrology,
history, geography, mathematics
Founder of Indology
Tarikh al-Hind, The Masudi Canon,
Understanding Astrology
Aristotle, Ptolemy, Aryabhata,
Muhammad, Brahmagupta, Rhazes,
Al-Sijzi, Avicenna, Omar Khayyam

CONTRIBUTIONS
Wrote one of his masterpieces, the Kitab al-Tafhim in
both Persian and Arabic

CONTRIBUTIONS
Expressed the formula by means of chords

c chord 2 A
a
120u

CONTRIBUTIONS
Formula to solve cubic equations

CONTRIBUTIONS
Calculated the circumference of the earth
Gave the procedure to solve trigonometric problems

CONTRIBUTIONS
Accurate determination of latitudes and longitudes

CONTRIBUTIONS
Established the fact that the speed of light is far greater
than sound

BOOKS
Qanun-i Masoodi
Al-Athar al-Baqia
Kitab-al-Saidana
Kitab-al-Jamahir
Kitab-al- Hind
Kitab al-Jawahir
Al-Tafhim-li-Awail Sina'at al-Tanjim

?
Q&A