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ISC-2015 Mumbai
By A.S. Nene
Professor of Civil Engineering (Retd),
VNIT Nagpur
nene_ashok@yahoo.com
Shilpashastra means
Engineering philosophy Ancient India
It
comprises
of
Inter
linked,
Ten
sciences
Many
ancient
texts,
describes
engineering
plants,or
creepers
roots,
stems,
Adobe Construction
21 Kutti Vidya -48 Mrutsadhan
Chemical
soil
stabilization
includes
soil
plastering,
outer
coat
of
idols,
Soil plasticizers
Functions of soil plasticizers are; to increase
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2-Natural fibers
Cotton, coir, wool, silk cotton , jute, spider web
etc.
3-Natural polymers
Cow Dung, Jaggery, Coconut water, Eggs, Green Algae, rice
husk, burnt coconut shell etc.
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Product
Ingredients
Brick earth-Bricks
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coal powder, rice husk, sand andclay
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milk extract of a
Mandar plant) OR
dipping the
3-Water Purification:
Powder of Nirmali seeds is used to remove the turbidity of
water,
roots of Khus plant to give pleasant smell to drinking water
certain seeds to kill the bacteria present in the water. Ref.BS
Ch.54
Use of Basil or Bilva leaf was known for increasing shelf life
water.
Core of Jamun tree wood acts as algaecide, it destroys the
algae in 24 hours.
Seeds of drumstick tree also act as coagulant for turbidity
removal. Ref.Pade
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Period
Editor
Aim
Ingredients
Process
Use
Experimental
Results
(VNIT
Nagpur )
Abhilashartha ChintamaNi
1124-1127 A.D.
King Somadev
Khus,
Chandan,
pippali,
Nagarmotha
,
cardamom, and Multani Mitti for cover
Mix all ingredients and encapsulate in Multani
Miiti dove. Prepare peanut size pallets.
Calcinate at 600 deg.
One palette per 5 litres of water
DO increase: 5 to 11, COD increase:51 to
220 , MPN decrease :2400 to 14
Process
patented
by
Dr.Deopujari
&
Dr.Mandavgane, 2011.
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Wood Varnish
Extract
of
barks
of
milky
trees
is
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Samarangan
Sutradhar,
Aparajitpruccha,
45
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Ref
BS
Purpose
Stone masonry
Mortar
Ingrediants
Decoction (of Unripe fruits of Tinduka and Kapittaka,
Flowers of silk cotton , Seeds of Sallaki) and barks of
Dhanavana and Vacha and
Shrivasaka, Raktabola
(myrrh), Guggulu , Bhallataka , Kunduruka Atasi resin ,
Bilva tree fruit
SR
Stone masonry Unripe fruits of Tinduka and Kapittaka , flowers of silk
Mortar
cotton, seeds of Sallaki ,barks of Dhanavana and Vaca .
MM Stone masonry Lac , Kunduru, soot (lamp black), Guggulu, wood-apple,
Mortar
Manjiostha resin, Bilva fruit kernel, fruits of Naga,
neem,Tinduka , Madana , Madhuka, myrrh and
Ambalaka.
ABIdol fixing mortar 1-Finely powdered conch,2-gall-nut (Myphal)
Kerala
3-sealing wax ,4-Fruits of gooseberry
5-Resin of pinus damar,6-Cotton fibers
7-Medium sizes gravels
8-Small sizes gravels
SR
Hide Glue -Vajra fresh skin of a buffalo cooked in water
Ref
VDP
Purpose
Plaster for Stone
masonry
SS
AP
AC
BS
Ingrediants
Surkhi, Guggul, Bee wax, Mahua
flowers,Jaggery, saaf flower oil, lime ,belgiri,
Bark of Pakar, Neem
Sand, Clay, Juice of cactus, Petha, Kharmarjiri,
Sugar cane, Milk, Fruits of Shisam, Arjun,
Belgiri pulp
Chalk, Geru, Yellow ochre, Linsed, Barlry,
Wheat flour, Barks of milky trees, Milk, flowers
of Mohuva
Chalk, powder of shells, Gud, Glue
Decoction (of Unripe fruits of Tinduka and
Kapittaka, Flowers of silk cotton , Seeds of
Sallaki) and barks of Dhanavana and Vacha
and Shrivasaka, Raktabola (myrrh), Guggulu ,
Bhallataka , Kunduruka Atasi resin , Bilva
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Shilparatna
techniques
mentions
for
lime
different
mortars.Many
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Natural Polymers
Ingredient for Lime mortar & plasters
1 Ash
9 Cow dung
17 Mahuwa flowers
2 Bark of Neem
10 Egg white
20 oil
21 Powder of Cattle
horn
6 Black gram(Udad ) 14 Hemp fiber
7 Brick powder
15 Jaggery
23 Rice husk
8 Clay
16 Juice of Cactus
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Ref
SR
Purpose
Lime Mortar
SR
SR
non-shrinking Plaster
SR
8d-Waterproof lime
mortar
Ingredients
ripe bananas, fibers of cotton
and pulp of cactus or decoction
of barks of trees
(Pipal.Amla,Kadamb) and paste
of black gram
Lime+ Fine sand, decoction of
moog, jiggery water and Banana
powder
Lime+ Curd, milk, black gram
paste, gud, ghee, ripe bananas,
coconut and mango pulp
Ghee, coconut water, black
gram paste , extract of barks
of milky trees , milk, curd,
decoction of Trifala,
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Ref
MSU
Purpose
Base coat for Cave Paintings -
ASI
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Ingredients
Powder of conchs, kapitha,
pulses, molasses, and boiled
bananas.
Red clay, green gram, lime
and jute.
Tempered kaolin clay, rice
husk, Coconut shell fibers and
lime.
Clay, cow dung, stone
powder, rice husk and lime.
Slaked lime and 1 part of
powder of dry raw
banana.(3:1)
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Chitrasutra
Manosollas
Basic Colors
White, yellow, red, black and blue
are five basic (pure) colors. All other
composite
colors
are
made
from
PuraN, Ch.27
Basic Color
White color
Yellow color
Red color
Black color
Blue color
Golden color
Organic Colors
for Textile
printing
Ingredients
lime made of shells or mother of pearls or
from white clay (pottery clay-Kaolin)+ resins
of Neem or wood apple tree
yellow wood trees (Haridru) and yellow soil
Sindur (Vermilion), Gaierik (Red ochre), Hingul
(Cinnabar) or Laksharus (Shellac)
The lamp black
blue minerals or indigo and resin of wood
apple.
gold foil pulverized with fine sand. Sand is
separated with water.
Woods of suitable colors, crushed into water
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31
person
person
Water Diviner
born as
Breach
possesses
some
child
magnetic
with
mentioned
in
the
help
ancient
Mantrashashtra.
by any
of
Indian
herbs
text
herbal
paste
grinding eleven
is
prepared
by
types of seeds or
This
paste
helps
in
locating
underground water.
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English/ Latin
Sanskrit Name
English/ Latin
1 Vanhi
2 Koshataki
3 Vajri or
4 Shwerark
White_variety
Snuhi
Prosopis cineraria
Euphorbia neriifolia
Linn
Luffa operculata
of
Madar plant
Calotropis_gigantea
5 GirikarNika
Butterfly pea
7 Patha
Patha creeper
9Katutumba
Bitter Pumpkin
Clitoria ternatea
False pareira brava
6 Vacha
Vacha
8 Nirgundi
Nirgundi
10 Nimb
Lemon
lagenaria
Calamus -root
Vitex negundo
Citrus limon
siceraria
11 Nagkeshar
Mesua Ferrea
12Gomutra
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Cows Urine
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CASE STUDIES
A. Gadhi soils Stabilized white soil
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B. Mud flooring.
in
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C-Ajantha paintings
Ancient techniques mentioned in Shilparatna
were
successfully used for restoration of Ajantha paintings
Ref. Singh & Arbad, 2014
a - ingredients for the preparation of mud mortar, b preparation of adhesive extract, c - Preparation of
soil + lime + aggregates mixture, d - final step showing
the preparation of mud mortar)
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Consolidation of paintings
newly prepared mud mortar
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with
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Experimental Studies
Research workers in different parts of world
conducted
experimental
studies
on
natural
ancient
Indian
literature.
These
were
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Year
1983
Name
Chandra & Aavik
1985
Gangopaddhyay
1986
Jain
1988
1990
Ernesto et al
Singh et al
1990
Singh et al
1996
1997
Chandra et al
Chandra et al
Product
Cement
mortar
Low density
concrete
water
repellant
Mud plaster
Lime mortar
Purpose
plasticizers
Heat
insulation
water
proofing
Durability
Restoration
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Ingredients
Black
Gram+
linseed oil
CNSL, Cinder
CNSL
Cactus, Banana
Belgiri,
black
gram
Belgiri,
black
gram, Jaggery
Veg. oils
Cactus juice
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Conclusions
It can be concluded that;
1. Ancient
Indian
engineers
had
adequate
knowledge of Indian botany and knew how to
implement
this
knowledge
for
strength,
durability and aesthetic purposes.
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Chronology of Ancient
References
B.C.
Rig Veda - 3000 BC
Shukla-Yajurveda-2500 BC
A.D.
Varahsamhita
Mayamat
5th Century
Sakaladhikar
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12th Century
15th
Century
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Modern References
Nene,A.S. (2009), Geotechnical engineering of ancient India,
Pub. Pune Vidyarthi Gruha, Pune.
Satish Chandra(2003),Ancient Building Materials in India, Tech
Books International, N.Delhi.
Visit
Late G.G.Joshi Shilpa Sanshodhan Trust
Library, 53 Ramkrishna Nagar, Nagpur.
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