2.

Rig Operations and

Equipment

Habiburrohman abdullah

Rig Operations and

Equipment

Drilling Personnel
Surface Drilling Equipment
Subsurface Drilling Equipment
Rig Selection

Drilling Personnel

Personnel Involved during Drilling

The tool pusher. The drilling company
provides a supervisor for the rig while the well
is being drilled. At one time, this individual
was called a tool pusher.
The driller. The driller is directly in charge of
the drilling four- or five-person rig crew and
generally operates the draw works, the
system of cables and pulleys used to run pipe
into the hole and to pull pipe from the well.
4

Personnel Involved during Drilling

The derrick worker. The derrick worker
works high above the floor when the pipe is
being pulled or run during regular operations.
This position is commonly referred to as a
derrick man.
The floor workers. These personnel are also
referred to as floor hands or roughnecks.
Company representative.
Third party personnel.
5

Drilling Rig Organization

Figure 1: Drilling Rig Organization

Surface Drilling Equipment

Rig Power System

Most rig power is consumed by hoisting & fluid
circulating systems.
The early drilling rigs were powered primarily by
steam. It become impractical, because of high fuel
consumption & large boiler plant required.
Modern rigs are powered by internal combustion
diesel engine & classified as :
- diesel electric type
- direct drive type
8

Rig Power System

P

P = Power output, hp

33,000

= angular velocity, rad/min

T = output torque, ft-lbf
33,000 ft-lbf/min/hp

Qi 0.000393 W f d H

Et

P
Qi

2 N

Figure 2: Engine Power Output

Rig Power System

Where :
P [hp]
[rad/min]
N [rev/min]
T [ft-lbf]
Qi [hp]
Wf [gal/hr]
H [BTU/lbm]
Et [1]
d [lbm/gal]
33,000

shaft power developed by engine

angular velocity of the shaft
shaft speed
out-put torque
heat energy consumption by engine
fuel consumption
heating value (diesel: 19,000 [BTU/lbm])
overall power system efficiency
density of fuel (diesel: 7.2 [lbm/gal])
conversion factor (ft-lbf/min/hp)
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Rig Power System

When the rig is operated at environments with nonstandard temperatures (85 [F]) or at high altitudes,
the mechanical horsepower equirements have to be
modified. This modification is according to API
standard 7B-11C:
a) Deduction of 3 % of the standard brake
horsepower for each 1,000 [ft] rise in altitude above
mean sea level,
b) Deduction of 1 % of the standard brake
horsepower for each 10 rise or fall in temperature
above or below 85 [F], respectively.
11

Hoisting System
The main task of the hoisting system is to
lower and raise the drillstring, casings, and
other subsurface equipment into or out of the
well.
The hoisting equipment itself consists of:
(1)draw works, (2) fast line, (3) crown block,
(4) travelling block, (5) dead line, (6) dead line
anchor, (7) storage reel, (8) hook and (9)
derrick.
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Hoisting System

Figure 3 : Hoisting
System

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Hoisting System

Figure 4: Making a connection

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Hoisting System
Making a connection, the periodic process
of adding a new joint of drillpipe to the
drillstring as the hole deepens is referred.
Making a trip, the process of moving the
drillstring out of the hole, change the bit or
alter the bottom-hole assembly, and lower the
drillstring again into the hole is referred.
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Hoisting System

Figure 5: Sketch of slips for drill pipe(a), drill collar(b)

and casing(c)
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Hoisting System

Figure 6: Tripping Out

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Hoisting System

Figure 7: Lifting pipe at the rig floor

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Hoisting System
Sometimes the drillstring is not completely
run out of the hole. It is just lifted up to the top
of the open-hole section and then lowered
back again while continuously circulating with
drilling mud. Such a trip, called wiper trip, is
carried out to clean the hole from remaining
cuttings that may have settled along the
open-hole section.
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Hoisting System

Figure 8: Sketch of a drill pipe spinner

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Derrick
Derricks are classified (or rated) by the
American Petroleum Institute (API) according
to their height as well as their ability to
withstand wind and compressive loads.
The higher the derrick is, the longer stands it
can handle which in turn reduces the tripping
time. Derricks that are capable to handle
stands of two, three or four joints are called to
be able to pull doubles, thribbles, or
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fourbles respectively.

Derrick

Figure 9: Storage of doubles

inside the derrick

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Block and Tackle

The crown block, the travelling block and the
drilling line comprise the block and tackle
which permits the handling of large loads. To
lift and lower the heavy loads into and out of
the borehole, the drilling line is strung multiple
times between the crown and the travelling
block

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Block and Tackle

Figure 10: Block and tackle

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Block and Tackle

When no friction is assumed in the travelling
and the crown block (constant tension in the
drilling line), the hook load W creates a load
to the drawworks with is equal the load in the
fast line Ff which in turn depends on the
number the line is strung n between the
travelling and the crown block. This is
expressed with:
W = n . Ff
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Block and Tackle

The input power Pi of the block and tackle is
equal to the drawworks load Ff times the
velocity of the fast line f .
Pi = Ff . vf
The output power or hook power Ph is given
by the hook load times the velocity of the
travelling block.
Ph = W . vb
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Block and Tackle

Number of Lines
(n)

Efficiency
(E)

0.874

0.841

10

0.810

12

0.770

14

0.740

E B (0.98 ) n
Where:
EB = efficiency factor
n = no. of lines

Figure 11: Efficiency factors for

different tacklings

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Drilling Line
The drilling line is a wire rope that is made of
strands wounded around a steel core. It
ranges in diameter from to 2 inch. Its
classification is based on the type of core, the
number of strands wrapped around the core,
and the number of individual wires per strand.
Examples of it can be see in figure 12.

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Drilling Line

Figure 12: Drilling Line

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Drilling Line
Since the drilling line is constantly under
biaxial load of tension and bending, its
service life is to be evaluated using a rating
called ton-mile. By definition, a ton-mile is
the amount of work needed to move a 1-ton
load over a distance of 1 mile.
When the drilling line has reached a specific
ton-mile limit, which is mainly due to round
trips, setting casings, coring and drilling, it is
removed from service.
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Drilling Line
The ton-mile wear can be estimated by:
a) Round trip
b) Drilling operation
c) Coring operation
d) Running casing

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Round Trip
Wc

D Wb

D Ls D We
2

TR

10 ,560 ,000
2,640 ,000
Where:
Wb [lb]
Ls[ft]
We [lb/ft]
D [ft]
WC [lb]

effective weight of travelling assembly

length of a drillpipe stand
effective weight per foot of drillpipe
hole depth
effective weight of drill collar assembly
less the effective weight of the same length of drillpipe

It should be noted that the ton-miles are

independent of the number of lines strung.

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Drilling Operation
drilling a section from depth d1 to d2.
Td 3 TR at d 2 TR at d1

Coring Operation
Tc 2 TR 2 TR1
TR2 (ton mile), work done for one round trip at depth d2 where coring stopped
TR1 (ton mile), work done for one round trip at depth d1 where coring started
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Running Casing
D Wb
D ( Lcs D) Wcs
Tsc 0.5

2,640,000
10,560,000
where:
Lcs [ft] ... length of casing joint
Wcs [lbm/ft] ... effective weight of casing in mud
D [ft] ... hole depth
Wb [lb] ... effective weight of travelling assembly
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Drilling Line
The drilling line is subjected to most severe wear at
the following two points:
1. The so called pickup points, which are at the
top of the crown block sheaves and at the
bottom of the travelling block sheaves during
tripping operations.
2. The so called lap point, which is located
where a new layer or lap of wire begins on the
drum of the drawworks.
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Drawworks
The purpose of the drawworks is to provide the
hoisting and breaking power to lift and lower the
heavy weights of drillstring and casings. The
drawworks itself consists of: (1) Drum, (2) Brakes,
(3) Transmission and (4) Catheads, see figure 13.
The drum provides the movement of the drilling line
which in turn lifts and lowers the travelling block and
consequently lifts or lowers the loads on the hook.

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Drawworks

Figure 13: Drawworks

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Drawworks
v f n vb

W vb
Ph
33,000 E
Where:
Ph [hp] ... drum power output
f [ft/min] ... velocity of the fast line
b [ft/min] ... velocity of the travelling block
W [lb] ... hook load
n [1] ... number of lines strung
E [1] ... power efficiency of the block and tackle system

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Drawworks
The input power to the drawworks is influenced by
the efficiency of the chain drive and the shafts inside
the drawworks. This is expressed with:

K (1 K )
E
n (1 K )
n

Where:
K [1] ... sheave and line efficiency, K = 0.9615 is an often used value.
39

Drawworks
When lowering the hook load, the efficiency factor
and fast line load are determined by:

E Lowering

n K n (1 K )

F f Lowering

1 K n
W K n (1 K )
1 K

Where:
Ff [lbf] ... tension in the fast line

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Circulation System
The principle components of the mud circulation
system are:
(1) mud pumps
(2) flowlines
(3) drillpipe
(4) nozzles
(5) mud pits and tanks (settling tank, mixing tank,
suction tank)
(6) mud mixing equipment (mud mixing hopper)
(7) solid control equipment (shale shaker, degasser,
41
etc.) see Figure 14.

Circulation System Schematic

Figure 14: Circulation

System

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Circulation System Mud Pit

Figure 15: Mud Pit

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Circulation System Mixing Hopper

Figure 16: Mixing Hopper

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Circulation System - Mud

Pumps
There are two types of mud pumps in use today:
(1) duplex pump
(2) triplex pump
Duplex Pump:
The duplex mud pump consists of two cylinders and
is double-acting.
Triplex Pump:
The triplex mud pump consists of three cylinders
45
and is single-acting.

Mud Pumps

Figure 17: Duplex Mud Pump

Figure 18: Triplex Mud Pump 46

Mud Pumps
Pumps are generally rated according to their:
1. Hydraulic power,
2. Maximum pressure,
3. Maximum flow rate.

Since the inlet pressure is essentially atmospheric

pressure, the increase of mud pressure due to the
mud pump is approximately equal the discharge
pressure.
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Circulation System - Shale

Shaker

Figure 19: Shale Shaker

When the mud returns to the surface, it is lead over

shale shakers that are composed of one or more
vibrating screens over which the mud passes before
it is feed to the mud pits.

The Rotary System

The function of the rotary system is to transmit
rotation to the drillstring and consequently rotate the
bit. During drilling operation, this rotation is to the
right.
The main parts of the rotary system are:
(1) swivel
(2) rotary hose
(3) kelly
(4) rotary drive (master bushing, kelly bushing)
(5) rotary table
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(6) drillstring

The Rotary System

Figure 20: Rotary System

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The Rotary System

Swivel
The swivel which established a connection between
hook and kelly, has to be constructed extremely
robust.
Kelly
The kelly has a square or hexagonal cross-section
and provides the rotation of the drillstring.

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Rotary System

Figure 21: Swivel

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Rotary System
Rotary Drive
The rotary drive consists of master bushing
and kelly pushing. The master bushing
receives its rotational momentum from the
compound and drives the kelly pushing which
in turn transfers the rotation to the kelly.

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Rotary System

Figure 22: Master & Kelly Bushing

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Top Drive System

Top Drive System consist of :
(1) Crown Block
(2) Travelling Block
(3) Top Drive
(4) Drilling Line

Figure 23: Top Drive

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Rig Selection

56

Rig Selection
Following parameters are used to determine the
minimum criteria to select a suitable drilling rig:
(1) Static tension in the fast line when upward
motion is impending
(2) Maximum hook horsepower
(3) Maximum hoisting speed
(4) Actual derrick load
(5) Maximum equivalent derrick load
(6) Derrick efficiency factor
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Rig Types
Rig can be categorized as land and marine rig.
Land rig :
(1) Cable tool
(2) Rotary rig (portable, standard derrick &
conventional rig)
Marine Rig :
(1) Bottom supported : - Jackup
- Barge
(2) Floating rigs : - drillships
- semi-sumbersibles

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Rig Selection
Many design criteria are used in selecting the proper marine
rig. Major criteria are as follows:
- water depth rating
- derrick & substructure capacity
- physical rig size and weight
- deck load capacity
- stability in rough weather
- duration of drilling program
- rig rating features, such as horsepower, mud mixing
capacity
- exploratory vs development drilling
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- availability & cost

Rig Selection
Pi F f v f

Ph
vb
W
1 E E n
Fd
W
En
n4
Fde
W
n
Fd
E n 1 1
Ed

Fde
E n 4

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Rig Selection
Where:
Fd [lbf] ... load applied to derrick, sum of the hook load,
tension in the dead line and tension in the fast line
Fde [lbf] ... maximum equivalent derrick load, equal to four
times the maximum leg load
Ed [1] ... derrick efficiency factor

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Drilling Cost Analysis

To estimate the cost of realizing a well as well as to
perform economical evaluation of the drilling project,
before commencing the project, a so called AFE
(Authority For Expenditure) has to be prepared and
signed of by the operator.
Within the AFE all cost items are listed as they
areknown or can be estimated at the planning
stage. During drilling, a close follow up of the actual
cost and a comparison with the estimated (and
authorized) ones are done on a daily bases.

Drilling Cost Analysis

Generally, an AFE consists of the following
major groups:
(1) Wellsite preparation,
(2) Rig mobilization and rigging up,
(3) Rig Rental,
(4) Drilling Mud,
(5) Bits and Tools,
(6) Casings,
(7) Formation evaluation

Drilling Costs
On of the most basic estimations of drilling
costs is given by:
Cb Cr (tb tc tt )
Cf
D
Where
Cf [$/ft] ... cost per unit depth
Cb [$] ... cost of bit
Cr [$/hr] ... fixed operating cost of rig per unit time
D [ft] ... depth drilled
tb [hr] ... total rotation time during the bit run
tc [hr] ... total non-rotating time during the bit run
tt [hr] ... trip time

Drilling Costs
It has been found that drilling cost generally
tend to increase exponentially with depth.
Thus, the relationship as follow:
Cae

bD

Where
C [$/ft] ... cost per unit depth

D [ft] ... depth drilled

Drilling Time
The drilling time can be estimated based on
experience and historical penetration rates. Note
that the penetration rate depends on:
(1) type of bit used
(2) wear of bit used
(3) drilling parameters applied (WOB, RPM)
(4) hydraulics applied (hydraulic impact force due to
mud flow through nozzles)
(5) effectiveness of cuttings removal
(6) formation strength
(7) formation type.

Drilling Time
To estimate the drilling time, the so called penetration
rate equation,

dD
a2 D
Ke
dt
When the historical values of depth [ft] versus ROP
[ft/hr] are plotted on a semilogarithmic graph paper
(depth on linear scale), a straight line best-fit of the
equation estimates the drilling time.

1
td
e 2.203 a2 D
2.303 a2 K

Drilling Time
Here a2 is the reciprocal of the change in depth per
log cycle of the fitted straight line, K is the value of
ROP at the surface (intercept of fitted straight line at
depth = 0 ft).
The depth that can be drilled with each individual bit
depends on
(1) bit condition when inserted,
(2) drilling parameters,
(3) rock strength
(4) rock abrasiveness.

Drilling Time
Estimations of possible footages between trips can
be obtained from historical data or applying
equation:

1
2.303 a2 Di
D
ln( 2.303 a2 L tb 2
2.303 a2
where:
Di [ft] ... depth of the last trip
D [ft] ... depth of the next trip

Tripping Time
Tripping time is also a major contributor to the total
time spent for drilling a well. Tripping can be either
scheduled (change of bit, reach of casing point,
scheduled well-cleaning circulation) or onscheduled, due to troubles.
Following relationship can be applied to estimate
the tripping time to change the bit. Thus the
operations of trip out, change bit, trip in are
included:

Tripping Time
ts
tt 2 D
ls
where:
tt [hr] ... required time for round trip
ts [hr] ... average time required to handle one stand
D [ft or m] ... length of drillstring to trip
ls [ft or m] ... average length of one stand

Subsurface Drilling Equipment

Subsurface Drilling Equipment

Drill Bit
MWD tools
Mud Motor
Drill Collar
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
Drill Pipe

This chapter will be discussed further in upcoming

class session.

END