.

is the industry that

provides the services
for people going on
holiday.

Middle East
Africa
Asia & Australasia

N & S America

Europe

Growth in Tourism
Why is tourism growing?
1)

Why are some areas getting

more popular?

1)

2)
2)
3)
4)

3)

Growth in Tourism
Why is tourism growing?
1) More disposable income

Why are some areas getting

more popular?

1) Improvement in transport

2) More paid holiday

2) Better marketing
3) Travel is cheaper
4) Holiday Providers

3) Improved infrastructure

Historic cities

Skiing

EUROPE

What different
environments offer
opportunities for
tourism?

Whats the attraction?

Type
Coast/
City/
Mountains

Attractions

Examples

Whats the attraction?

Type

CITY

MOUNTAINS

COASTAL

Attractions

CULTURE
ENTERTAINMENT
SHOPPING

SCENERY
WALKING
CLIMBING
SKIING
SNOW BOARDING

SWIMMING
SNORKELLING
FISHING
WATER SPORTS
SEA SIDE RESORTS

Examples

LONDON, NEW
YORK, PARIS, ROME

ALPS, ROCKIES

CARRIBEAN
THAILAND

Give two reasons why tourism is an important economic activity (2

marks).

_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
Contrast the economic importance of tourism in rich and poor countries
(4 marks).

_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________

Is there a link between the GDP per capita and the % of income from tourism

Choose a country where you think people might suffer most if tourism
declined. Explain your choice.

Explain why the UK is a popular

tourist destination. (4 marks)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Key Ideas:
-Transport links & infrastructure
-Attractions
-Marketing

Countryside and
Historic
Landmarks

Churches, Cathedrals & Castles

UK
Tourism
114 billion into UK economy
& 1.4 million jobs

Half of visitors to UK go
to London

The UK economy
earns 80 billion
every year from
tourism & leisure

There are many different opportunities for tourist attractions in the UK

Building linked to
Government & Royal Family
Built attractions e.g
British Museaum

Sites linked to sports

and well known teams

UK tourist
attractions

Seaside resorts

Places linked to
famous people
Historic sites e.g. Stonehenge

National Parks
e.g Lake District

Can you name examples for each of these tourist attractions?

Can you explain the general trend of each line on the graph.

Tour operators
compete with
each other

Jumbo jets were

introduced in 1971.
They can carry more
people further and
more cheaply

The economy is
in better shape
some years than
others

Weather

Use this information to

help you explain the
TV on the
changes shown
graph.
Why do the lines
fluctuate rather than
being steady?

TV

The average wage

in the UK has
risen since 1971
Airlines like
Ryanair and
easyJet

Which group of tourists spends more?

Is the spending gap growing or shrinking?
How do you think the British government might feel about this?

Why do some places become less attractive to tourists?

External factors affecting UK tourism in the 21st century

The banking crisis

Terrorism

How have each of

these factors affected
tourism in the 21st
century?

Exchange rates

The Butler tourist resort life cycle model

This model says

that any resort
starts on a small
scale, develops
into something
more significant,
then either goes
into decline or
changes to
maintain its
attractions.

How does Butlers tourist resort life-cycle

model apply to Weston-super-Mare?

What attracts people to Weston?

What other examples

can you find?

Why did Weston grow as

a tourist destination?

Attractions

THE BEACH

Good transport links

Events

What impact has tourism had on Weston?

The Impacts

Positive impacts:
employment opportunities
income for individuals and Weston
multiplier effect
improved facilities for locals

Overcrowding

Negative
Impacts
Litter

Traffic congestion
and pollution
Dog fouling on beach
Footpath erosion

What problems has Weston faced?

Weston Pier was

regarded as one of
Britains last great
pleasure piers.

Competition from cheap

holidays abroad

28th July 2008

28th July 2008

Where was Weston on the

model when the pier burnt
down?
What has happened since
then?

What strategies does Weston have to cope

with large numbers of visitors?

Car parks and

Park and Ride
schemes

Beach cleaning

Strategies for coping with

the impacts of large
numbers of tourists

Bins on beach

Public footpaths
Dogs banned from beach

Strategies / plans to ensure the continuing success

of tourism in Weston

Seafront
improvements

Rebuilding the pier

Plans for an
indoor ski centre

All year round attractions

What strategies have been put in place to

maintain the importance of tourism in
Weston?

24 / 10 / 2010

May 2011

Where is
this place?

Mass tourism when a place becomes a destination for

large numbers of tourists

Where does mass

tourism fit on the
Butlers model?

This links to the Development and Consolidation phases of

the Butler tourist resort life cycle model

Mass Tourism

Mass tourism is organised tourism for large

numbers of people.
Positives

Economic
Impacts

Social
Impacts

Environment
al Impacts

Negatives

Mass
Tourism
Mass tourism is organised tourism for large numbers of people.
Positives

Negatives

Economic
Impacts

Bring money to local economy

Creates jobs for locals
Boost local economy supplying
tourism

A lot of the profit is kept by the large

travel companies

Social
Impacts

More jobs= young people stay

in area
Improved roads,
communications and
infrastructure
Tourism income can be
invested into community
projects

Tourism jobs available to locals

badly paid and seasonal
Traffic congestion & inconvenience
Behaviour of some tourists

Environment
al Impacts

Income from tourism can be

reinvested in protecting
environment

Transportation releases green

house gas
Increased litter and pollution
Destruction of local wild life e.g.
Boats damage coral

Increasing Tourism and Reducing the

Impact
Ways to reduce negative
impacts:

Maintaining Tourism

1.

2.
A

3.

C
I
O

Increasing Tourism and Reducing the

Impact
Ways to reduce negative
impacts:

Maintaining Tourism

1. Improve public
transport less
congestion & pollution

Build new facilities

2. Limit numbers to
sensitive sites

Advertise and market

3. Provide bins for litter

Reduce impacts that make

tourism less effective

Cheaper to visit
Improve transport
infrastructure
Offer new activities

Case Study

Benefits
Jobs e.g. workers in hotels,
boat drivers, souvenir sellers.
Money from the jobs, and
money spent by tourists.

Improved roads, railways and

airports and ports also benefit the
locals.
Construction jobs often go to
locals, although they are
temporary.
Improved standard of living.

Problems
Antiguan culture is being changed
to suit the tourists e.g. KFC in place
of local restaurants.
96% of the money spent goes back to
the USA as tourism dominated by large
travel companies.
Jobs for locals are low paid and low skilled.
All inclusive holidays mean tourists dont
spend money in the local restaurants.
Much of the food for hotels is imported

Local people may not be able to afford the

new facilities put in place for tourists.

Strategies for maintaining the

importance of tourism in Antigua
1. Holistic experience tourists spend time in
local communities e.g. 2 hours in the home of an
Antiguan.

2. History encourage tourists to visit the

museums of slavery to gain an understanding
of the history of Antigua.
3. Eco-tourism tourists encouraged to work on
environmental projects such as creating artificial
coral reefs.

4. Target the higher class tourists so more can be

charged and fewer tourists are needed.

Extreme Tourism (Holiday to Extreme Environment)

Attractions

Extreme Tourism

Reasons for
increasing

Damage to the
environment

Extreme Tourism (Holiday to Extreme Environment)

Footpath
erosion

Different & exciting

Adventure holidays
Risk

Attractions

Scenery

Water
pollution
- Sewage

Deforestation
destroys
habitats

Wildlife
Extreme Tourism

Reasons for
Increasing
Improved
transport

Adverts & TV
programmes
More
disposable
income

Last chance to see

Trees cut
down for
fuel

Damage to the
Environment

Deforestation
leads to
flooding

Less roots leads to soil

erosion

e.g.
Paragliding
Rock climbing

e.g.
Mountains
Deserts

White-water
rafting

Rainforests

Cliff diving

Caves
Ice covered
terrain

Positive impacts:
Tourism is the biggest cash
generating industry.
Jobs available e.g. guides, porters,
guest house owners.
The standard of living of the locals
improves as they are wealthier.
There are more opportunities for
locals e.g. western food and clothing.

Negative impacts:
Deforestation due to high demand for
firewood for cooking, heating, hot
showers and building lodges.
Trees not replanted.
Prices at local markets driven higher by
tourists hard for locals to afford prices.
Agricultural decline as more people go
into tourist related jobs = less food
grown so prices go up.
Rubbish generated, esp. glass bottles
Water pollution due to toilet holes
located near to rivers.

Solutions:
Kerosene for cooking instead of wood.
Trees replanted
National Park set up in 1976 to protect the Everest Trail
Possibility of banning glass bottles
Educating the guides on the location of toilets.
Litter collected to keep area clean for tourists

A case study of one

extreme area

What is the pattern of tourist visits to Antarctica?

Where do people visit Antarctica from?

What activities can tourists take part in?

What impact does tourism

have on Antarctica?
Cruise ships and people can come
too close to shore and disturb the
wildlife. This can affect feeding,
breeding and the rearing of young.
Ships can have accidents. Wrecked
ships leak oil, polluting the sea and
beaches and threatening the birds ,
animals and plants that live there.

What strategies are in place to protect Antarctica?

1. The IAATO was set up in 1991. It sets

guidelines for tourism in Antarctica.

2. Tour operators and tourists are not allowed to leave anything behind, no rubbish
of any sort.
3. Cruise ships carry their used water back to port. They are not allowed to dump it
at sea.

4. Only 100 people are allowed on shore at any time.

5. Since 2011 ships havent

been allowed to use heavy
fuel oil, as this is more
polluting in an accident.

6. From 2013 a new Polar

Code will limit the number
and size of ships visiting
Antarctica.

7. Ships carrying more than 500 people wont be allowed to land.

8. Trips to Antarctica are very

expensive so numbers are
kept low.

How can tourism be more sustainable?

Today all types of development and resource exploitation are planned
sustainably. Development priorities are set and strategies created to achieve
these. It is the ideal way to develop any country , but despite globalisation it is
not the way all governments think.

KEY TERMS
STEWARDSHIP

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

CONSERVATION

How can tourism be more sustainable?

Today all types of development and resource exploitation are planned
sustainably. Development priorities are set and strategies created to achieve
these. It is the ideal way to develop any country , but despite globalisation it is
not the way all governments think.

KEY TERMS
STEWARDSHIP - the
personal responsibility for
looking after the environment.
No one should damage the
present or future environment.

CONSERVATION - the careful

and planned use of resources in
order to manage and maintain
the natural environment for
future generations.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - is development which allows

economic growth to occur, which can continue over a long period of
time and will not harm the environment. It benefits people alive today
but does not compromise future generations.

What is ecotourism?
Tourism that focuses on protecting the environment and
the local way of life.

Ecotourism usually involves

small-group travel to natural
and unspoilt environments.
It is often educational,
supports long-term
conservation and has minimal
impact on the natural
environment.
It seeks to benefit local
communities and encourages
respect for different cultures.
76

An example of
ecotourism

 The lost city of the

Incas, high in the Andes
mountains in Peru.
Built around 1430 but
abandoned about 100
years later, at the time of
the Spanish conquest of
the Incas.
Rediscovered in 1911,
the ruins have become a
major tourist attraction,
and were declared a
UNESCO World Heritage
Site in 1983.
79

MACHU PICCHU an example of eco-tourism and planning for

sustainable development.

THE PROBLEM
400,000 visitors each year.

Heavy usage of a well preserved

path built 550 years ago - The Inca
Trail, leading to erosion.
Before 2001 visitors could walk the
route without a guide and camp
where they liked.
People climbed freely over the
ruins and Inca sites were being
damaged
Litter polluted the area.
Campsites were overcrowded
and there was a lack of proper
sanitation causing pollution and
creating potential health risks

THE SOLUTION
In 2001 the Peruvian government created
a set of rules to ensure the site is
managed in a SUSTAINABLE way.
1. Independent trekkers are not allowed
2. All tour operators must be registered
3. Visitors must pay an entrance fee of
$50 which creates an income for the
maintenance of the trail
4. Numbers restricted to 500 people per
day (200 trekkers & 300 staff eg guides,
cooks and porters.)
5. Maximum group size of 16 with 2
guides.

SOLUTIONS (CONT.)
6. Porters must have reasonable
working conditions.
Wages $10 a day
Maximum weight they can carry 25kg
7. The Inca Trail is closed each
February, the wettest month, to give
the vegetation a chance to recover.
Investment has been made in improving
campsites and toilet facilities. Rubbish is bagged
up and carried out rather than being burned.

Apart from the 200 people arriving from the Inca Trail
there are thousands who visit on day trips by bus or
train.

81

Ecotourism
viewing
small
benefits
environment
protecting
conserving
harm

local

responsibility

Tourism that does not __________ the environment and

__________ the __________ people
Involves:
Conservation __________ & managing __________
Stewardship Taking __________ for __________
environment
Should involve local people & local organisations
Normally __________ scale with a small number of tourists
Activities often involve wildlife __________ and walking

Ecotourism
Tourism that does not harm the environment and
benefits the local people
Involves:
Conservation protecting & managing environment
Stewardship Taking responsibility for conserving
environment
Should involve local people & local organisations
Normally small scale with a small number of tourists
Activities often involve wildlife viewing and walking

Environmental Benefits

Economic Benefits

Benefits for local people

Sustainable Development

Environmental Benefits

Economic Benefits

-Local people encouraged to conserve the

environment
-Reduces poaching and hunting
-Reduce the use of fossil fuel
-Waste is carefully disposed of

-Creates jobs for local people

-Additional local employment

Benefits for local people

Sustainable Development

-Locals have better more stable income

-Many schemes have a community
projects fund

-Improve quality of life but doesnt stop the

future getting that they need
-Aids local development
-Development without damage to the
environment