Abdomen

Mrs.Jenny. J
Clinical instructor,
FAHS.

Introduction
Abdominal cavity is the largest cavity
( GIT, Reproductive, urinary system )
Location Lower part of trunk
Lies below the diaphargm
It encloses the peritoneal cavity between
parietal and visceral layers

Parts of Gastrointestinal system(GIT)

Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anal Canal
Anus

Accessory Organs of Digestive System

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

Regions of The Anterior Abdominal Wall

Stomach
Muscular bag- widest and
most distensible part of
digestive system
J-shaped Structure
Location:
Epigastric, Umbilical
and Left
Hypochondriac
Regions

Parts of Stomach
Cardiac
Fundus (distended with gas)
Body (Gastric glands)
Pyloric
Pyloric Antrum
Pyloric Canal
Size - 25 cm long
1.5 to 2 liters.

Features
Two Orifices
Cardiac Orifice
Lower Oesphageal Sphincter (Physiological)
Pyloric Orifice
Pyloric Sphincter
Two Curvatures
Greater and Lesser Curvatures

Blood Supply
Gastric Artery (Right and Left)
Venous Drainage
Superior Mesentric Veins
Portal Veins
Splenic Veins
Lymphatic Drainage
Coeliac Nodes
Right and Left Gastric Nodes
Pyloric Nodes
Nerve Supply
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Functions
Stomach Primarily acts as a reservoir of food
By peristaltic movements it softens and mixes
food with gastric juice
Gastric glands
gastric juice
enzymes for
digestion
Gastric glands produce hydrochloric acid that
destroys organism in the ingested food
Lining in stomach produce abundant mucous
protective gastric mucosal layer against the
corrosive action of hydrochloric acid

Applied Anatomy
Achalasia Cardia
Normally lower end of oesphagus remains closed
and dilates only during passage of food. However,
due to neuromuscular incoordination it may fail to
dilate leading to difficulty in passage of food.
Marked dilatation may be due to collection of food
Peptic Ulcer
Gastric Ulcer : typically along lesser curvature
Gastric Carcinoma : occurs along greater curvature

Duodenum

Retroperitoneal Structure
Shortest, widest and most fixed part of the small intestine.
Extends from pylorus to duodenojejunal flexure
Curved around the head of pancreas
(Letter C)
It is 25cm long and divided into 4 parts

Parts of duodenum

First or Superior Part

Second or Descending Part
Third or Horizontal Part
Fourth or Ascending Part

Structures opening into second part of

duodenum
Major Duodenal Papilla :
Hepatopancreatic Ampulla ( Bile duct, Pancreatic
Duct )
Minor Duodenal Papilla :
opening of accessory pancreatic duct

Blood Supply
Superior Pancreaticoduodenal
Artery
Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal
Artery
Venous Drainage
Splenic vein
Superior Mesentric vein
Portal vein
Lymphatic Drainage
Pancreaticoduodenal nodes
Nerve Supply
Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Nerves

Applied Anatomy
First Part of duodenum : Commonest Site for
Peptic Ulcer

Intestine
Longest part of the digestive
tube
Divide into Long and less
distensible-large intestine
Short more distensible small
intestine
Food digested, Metabolised
and stored for expulsion in the
Large intestine

Small intestine
It extends from Pylorus to ileocaecal
junction
About 6m long
Divide into -upper part , Fixed part
( duodenum)& lower part
Upper part Jejunum
Lower part ileum
Helps for digestion & absorption

Large Intestine
Extends from Ileocaecal junction to anus
1.5m long
Parts of Large Intestine
Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal

Functions of colon

Lubrication of faeces by mucus

Absorption of water, salts and other solutes
Bacterial flora of colon synthesizes Vit B
Mucoid secrection of colon rich in antibodies,
hence protects from microoragnisms
Microvilli- sensory function

Caecum

Caecum is a blind pouch

First part of large intestine
6 cm long and 7.5 cm broad
Location : Right iliac Fossa
Different Forms of caecum
Conical Arise Apex of caecum
Intermediate Ampullary

Ileocaecal Valve
Lower end of ileum opens into
caecum via the ileocaecal
orifice
Guarded by ileocaecal valve
Function:
Prevents reflux from
caecum to ileum
Regulates the passage of
ileal contents into the
caecum, and prevents them
from passing quickly

Arterial Supply
Caecal branches of ileocaecal artery
Venous Drainage
Veins drain into superior mesenteric vein
ileocaecal vein
Nerve Supply
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Vermiform Appendix

Worm-like diverticulum arising from caecum

Length : varies 2 to 20cm (avg 9cm)
Location : Right Iliac Fossa
Base of appendix is fixed, tip can point to any
direction

Positions of appendix

Postileal 2 Oclock
Preileal 2 Oclock
Pelvic 4 Oclock
Midinguinal/ subcaecal 6
Oclock
Paracolic 11 Oclock
Retrocaecal 12 Oclock

Blood Supply
Appendicular artery
Venous Drainage
Appendicular Vein
Ileocolic Vein
Superior Mesentric Vein
Lymphatic Drainage
Ileocolic Nodes
Nerve Supply
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Applied Anatomy
Caecum
Amoebiasis- amoebic dysentery
Intestinal tuberculosis
Caecitis : inflammation of caecum
Appendicitis : inflammation of appendix
Pain caused by appendicitis is felt in the region of
umbicus- referred pain
McBurneys Point- the site of maximum tenderness in
acute appendicitis
Removal of appendix- appendicectomy

McBurneys Point
The point lies at the junction of lateral
one-third and medial two-thirds of line
joining the right anterior superior iliac
spine to umblicius