2nd Central differencing scheme

5 nodes

20 nodes

Pe=5

Pe=1.25

The upwind differencing schemes

Flow direction is considered when computing at interface

The upwind differencing schemes

The upwind differencing schemes

aW , aE always positive

The upwind differencing schemes

Example

Case 1:

5 nodes

Case 2:

5 nodes

The upwind differencing schemes

1

node: 1

Aw

node: 5

2
e

4
W

5
w

e B

The upwind differencing schemes

For all nodes: 1,2,3,4,5

Case 1

The upwind differencing schemes

Exact solution: smooth

Good results

The upwind differencing schemes

Case 2

Large gradient

Large dissipation

Refine grid?

1st order high order?

The upwind differencing schemes

Extended to multi-dimensional problems
The flow is not aligned with the grid lines

False diffusion
or numerical diffusion (dissipation)
A pure convection process is considered

Refine grid
1st order high order?

The hybrid differencing scheme

Spalding(1972), hybrid: central + upwind scheme
central scheme: no direction----diffusion problem
upwind scheme: transportive----convection problem
piecewise formulae based on the local Peclet number at the cell faces.

Net flux through the west face:

upwind

central

The hybrid differencing scheme

General form of the discretised equation:

The hybrid differencing scheme

Example

Case 1:
5 nodes

Pe=5

hybrid upwind

Case 2:
25 nodes

Pe=1

hybrid central

Remarks
Exact solution:

Large gradient

Pe<2

2nd central
1st upwind

good
dissipation

Pe>2

2nd central
1st upwind

Under/overshoot
Large dissipation

Pe<2
may be fixed for the fluid
High Re flow
should be small
Low Re flow

much smaller
Upwind or hybrid..schemes

Higher-order differencing schemes

For high Pe

the 2nd central scheme

unstable

the 1st upwind scheme

the hybrid scheme(1st upwind+2nd central)
the power-law scheme(1st upwind+weighted)

stable

large numerical diffusion

high-order

Leonard(1979), QUICK scheme

Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinetics
Quadratic upwind differencing scheme

Higher-order differencing schemes

Leonard(1979), QUICK scheme

Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinetics

Quadratic upwind differencing scheme

i-2

i-1

i
i-1/2

i+1
i+1/2

i-1/2

Higher-order differencing schemes

3rd order for

2nd central

Higher-order differencing schemes

Higher-order differencing schemes

Example

5 nodes

For Node 1 or point P

Higher-order differencing schemes

W,0

A,w

P,1

E,2
1st at A

2nd central

A, P, E
2nd at A

For consistency

Higher-order differencing schemes

Higher-order differencing schemes

Assessment of the QUICK scheme

Assessment of the QUICK scheme

The power-law scheme

The hybrid scheme in the example satisfies the transportiveness requirement

Inadequacy: the accuracy is only first-order

Patankar(1980), the power-law scheme
Net flux through the west face:

W
upwind

better than the hybrid scheme

w