1.

1 RATE OF REACTION
Why a tall building can be destroyed
with explosives within seconds??

Why food has to take several hours

to decay ??

Why do coal mines face a high risk

of explosion ??

All these are due to :

difference in
rate of reaction

What is rate of reaction ?

The speed at which reactants are
converted into products in a
chemical reaction
For examples:

1. Fireworks display occurs in

just a few seconds
Rate of reaction

HIGH

2. The photosynthesis process

takes a few hours
Rate of reaction

LOWER

3. The erosion process of

stones takes many years
Rate of reaction

VERY LOW

Some reactions are fast &

some are very slow
So do the chemical reactions
in laboratory

How we determine & calculate

the rate of chemical reactions
in laboratory ??

It is same as the way we

calculate the speed of driving
How we calculate the
speed of driving ??

Yes, the formulae is :

Speed = distance (km)

time (hour)

In the other hand, it is :

Rate of
reaction

physical changes
time

What are the changes that

can be measured??
Mass before and after experiment (gs-1)
Colour changes
Temperature changes (Cs-1)
Pressure changes (Ps-1)
Volume of gas liberated (cm3 s-1)
(only if the reaction produce gases)

A + B
(reactants)
During

C + D
(products)

the chemical reaction,

reactants will become less but
products become more

Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to

form water and oxygen gas
H2O2 (aq)
H2O (l) + O2 (g)

For any chemical reaction,

we can measure its
average rate of reaction &
rate of reaction at a given time

Rate of
reaction

physical changes
time

average rate
of reaction

rate of reaction
at a given time

Average rate = total changes

of reaction
total time taken

Rate of reaction at a given time

= gradient of the curve at that instant
= y2 y1 / X2 X1

Average rate = total changes

of reaction
total time taken
Volume of hydrogen gas ( cm3 )

Total changes

Total time taken

Time ( s )

Rate of reaction at 90 second

= gradient of the curve at that instant
= y2 y1 / x2 x1
Volume of hydrogen gas ( cm3 )

Changes = y2 y1

time taken = X2 X1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

find the given time

draw a line to curve
draw a tangent
Measure y2 y1
Measure x2 x1

Time ( s )

Lets see an example:

CaCO3

HCl

CaCl2 + H2O + H2

Hydrogen
gas

burette

water
Marble
chips

Hydrochloric acid

Volume of hydrogen gas was recorded

every 30 seconds

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . after 10
minutes . . .

Heres the result :

Time / s
Reading
of burette
/ cm3
Volume
of gas
/ cm3

Then we plot the graph:

Volume of hydrogen gas ( cm3 )

35
30
25

20
15
10
5
0

Time ( s )
30

60

90

120

180
240
300
150
210
270

Get the answers:

Calculate the average rate of reaction
between marble chips and
hydrochloric acid.
Solution: refer to table
a)

Time / s
Reading
of burette
/ cm3
Volume
of gas
/ cm3

Average rate of reaction

= total changes / total time taken
Average rate of reaction = 34 cm3
300 s
= 0.113 cm3 s-1
** youll get the same answer by using graph

b) Calculate the average rate of

reaction in the first 90 seconds.
Solution:
Time / s

Reading
of burette
/ cm3
Volume
of gas
/ cm3

this is accumulated !!

Average rate of reaction

= total changes / total time taken
Average rate of reaction = 20 cm3
90 s
= 0.222 cm3 s-1
** youll get the same answer by using graph

c) Calculate the rate of reaction at

a) 60 second
b) 210 second

Solution (a) :
Volume of hydrogen gas (

cm3 )

Rate of reaction at 60 second

= y2 y1
x2 - x1
= 22.00 -10.50

35

90 -30

30

= 11.50 cm3

25

60 s
= 0.192 cm3 s-1 **

20

22.00 10.50
= 11.50 cm3

15
10

90-30 = 60 s

5
0

Time ( s )

60
30

120
90

180
240
300
150
210
270

Rate of reaction at 210 second

Solution (b) :
Volume of hydrogen gas (

cm3 )

= 35.50 -30.00
255 -160
= 5.50 cm3
95 s

35

= 0.058 cm3 s-1 **

30

35.50 30.00
= 5.50 cm3

25
255-160 = 95 s

20
15
10
5
0

Time ( s )

60
30

120
90

180
240
300
150
210
270

d) Compare the rate of reaction at

60 second and 210 second
Solution:
Rate of reaction at 60 second = 0.192 cm3 s-1
Rate of reaction at 210 second = 0.058 cm3 s-1
-

The rate of reaction at 60 second is higher

than 210 second.
This means the reaction occurs faster at the
moment of 60 second

e) Why the rate of reaction at 60 second is

higher than 210 second ?
Solution:
-

Because the concentration of reactants is

decreasing during the chemical reaction.

f) There are no more hydrogen gas

liberated after 300 second, why?
Solution:
- Because the chemical reaction is
stopped
- All the marble chips had been reacted

Curve becomes horizontal line

No more reaction occur
Rate of reaction = 0 cm3 s-1
Rate of
reaction
lower

Rate of
reaction
very high

Rate of
reaction
More lower

Time (s / min)

Total volume
of gas
Liberated
(cm3)

Learning Task 1.2

page 8

Some reactions are fast &

some reactions are very slow
So do the chemical reactions
in laboratory

What are the factors affecting

the rate of reaction ??

2. Temperature

2T
4. Catalyst

3. Concentration

1. Total
surface area

2C

1P
5. Pressure

How does the factors of

Total surface area,
2T
Temperature,
Concentration,
2C
Catalyst &
Pressure
1P
affect the reaction rate??

Lets do the experiment

to investigate that:
1.Surface area smaller , rate of
reaction
2.Concentration higher, rate of
reaction
3.Temperature higher, rate of reaction
4.Catalyst added, rate of reaction

Surface area smaller , rate of reaction

Concentration higher, rate of reaction

Temperature higher, rate of reaction

Catalyst added, rate of reaction

Pressure higher, rate of reaction

Problem solving

A + B
(reactants)
-

C + D
(products)

During the chemical reaction,

reactants will become less but
products become more
The chemical reaction will stop
once one of the reactants is
used up.

Pattern of graphs
Reactant A + Reactant B gases
Less
Less
More

Mg (s) + HCl (aq) MgCl (aq) + H2 (g)

excess
Draw out the curves of graph for:
1. Magnesium mass /
2. Hydrochloric acid concentration/
3. Magnesium chloride concentration /
4. Hydrogen gas volume
against the time

1. the curves of graph for

Magnesium mass against the time

Magnesium
Excess
>>>

2. the curves of graph for

hydrochloric acid concentration
against the time

Hydrochloric acid
Limited reactant

3. the curves of graph for

magnesium chloride concentration
against the time

Hydrochloric acid
has been
used up &
reaction stopped

4. the curves of graph for hydrogen

gas volume against the time

Hydrochloric acid
has been
used up &
reaction stopped

Q1. Compare these:

Set 1 : 1g of zinc plate (excess) reacts with

sulphuric acid 0.1 mol dm-3 to form zinc
sulphate and hydrogen gas

Set 2 : 1g of zinc powder (excess) reacts

with sulphuric acid 0.1 mol dm-3 to form
zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas

Find the difference !!

Hydrogen Gas / cm3

Factor :
total of surface area /
Particle size

Set 2

Set 1
The number of moles
of chemical subtances
are same

Time / s

Q2. Compare these:

Set 3 : 1 g of zinc powder (excess) reacts

with 500cm3 sulphuric acid 0.1 mol dm-3 to
form zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas

Set 4 : 1 g of zinc powder (excess) reacts

with 250cm3 sulphuric acid 0.2 mol dm-3 to
form zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas

Find the difference !!

Hydrogen Gas / cm3

Factor :
Concentration

Set 4

Set 3
The number of moles
of chemical subtances
are same

Time / s

Q3. Compare these:

Set 5 : 1 g of zinc powder (excess) reacts

with 250cm3 sulphuric acid 0.1 mol dm-3 to
form zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas

Set 6 : 1 g of zinc powder (excess) reacts

with 250cm3 sulphuric acid 0.2 mol dm-3 to
form zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas

Find the difference !!

Hydrogen Gas / cm3

Factor :
Concentration

Set 6

Set 5

The number of moles

of chemical subtances
are same

Time / s

Q4. Compare these:

Set 7 : 1 g of zinc powder (excess) reacts

with 25cm3 sulphuric acid 0.15 mol dm-3 to
form zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas

Set 8 : 1 g of zinc powder (excess) reacts

with 50cm3 sulphuric acid 0.1 mol dm-3 to
form zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas

Find the difference !!

Hydrogen Gas / cm3

Set 8

The number of moles

of chemical subtances
in Set 8 is higher,
so the volume of gas
realeased is higher

Set 7

Factor :
Concentration

Time / s

Find out what they means!!

Collision

Correct

Achieve
orientation
effective
Activation energy
collision
Effective collision
Collision frequency
Effective collision frequency
Energy profile diagram

 Base

on kinetic theory,
particles moves constantly and
collide each other all the time

However,

majority of collisions
do not lead to a reaction,why ?

 Only

those in which the colliding

species have:

Achieve

minimum amount of energy,

called the ACTIVATION ENERGY, Ea

And

with CORRECT ORIENTATION

EFFECTIVE COLLISIONS

 For

a reaction to take place, the

particles of the substances that are
reacting have to collide. If they
collide, with enough energy then
they will react.

The

minimum amount of energy

that particles need to react is
called the ACTIVATION ENERGY

Activation energy

therefore some main ways of increasing

the rate of a reaction:
1) increase the number of collisions
2) increase the amount of kinetic
energy so that more collisions lead to a
reaction
3) decrease the energy activation so
that more reactants could be reacted
what factors could cause 1, 2, 3?

Size of solid reactant smaller

Total surface area exposed to collision
with other reactant particle is bigger
The frequency of collision between
reactant particles increase
Frequency of effective collision increase
Rate of reaction higher

Higher temperature
Kinetic energy of reactant particles increase
Particles move faster and collide more often
The frequency of collision between
reactant particles increase
Frequency of effective collision increase
Rate of reaction higher

Higher concentration
More number of particle per unit volume of
solution
The frequency of collision between
reactant particles increase
Frequency of effective collision
increase
Rate of reaction higher

Positive catalyst used

enables the reaction occur through an
alternative path which requires lower
activation energy
More colliding particles are able to
achieve the lower activation energy
Frequency of effective collision
increase
Rate of reaction higher

Activation
energy

Lower
Activation
energy

Higher pressure
More number of particle per unit volume
of solution
The frequency of collision between
reactant particles increase
Frequency of effective collision
increase
Rate of reaction higher

Conclusion