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Basic definitions
A signal is an abstraction of any measurable quantity that
is a function of one or more independent variables such as
time or space
Voltages and currents are common electrical signals
Signals can be continuous or discrete
A continuous time signal is one that is present for all
instants in time and space example is voltage on a wire
A discrete time signal is only present at discrete times
Often discrete time signals are samples of a continuous
time signal
A system is an abstraction of anything that takes an input
signal, operates on it and produces an output signal
Signals and systems theory is the framework for most
engineering knowledge
y A sin(t )
A Amplitude
f requency
phase
2
Period
Amplitude
Frequency =
1/Period (cycles/second)
or
2
period
rads/sec
Phase Terminology
Phase difference
Fourier Series
Fourier Series
N=0
N=3
N=1
N=4
N=2
N=20
Fourier triangle.vi
N=0
N=2
N=1
N=4
N=0
N=1
N=20
N=2
N=3
Noise
Noise is undesired signal or contamination of a signal we want to
measure
Average White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) equal power at all frequencies
AWGN
Frequency Specific Noise
Amplitude
Power at a specific frequency
freq
Alternating current (AC) power in house wiring in India is a periodic
waveform at 50 hertz
It is not uncommon to find 50 hertz noise in electrical systems due to
electromagnetic interference from wiring systems
The amount of signal present versus the noise present is expressed in the
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
It is usually expressed in decibels
SNR 20 log
Signalvoltage
Noisevoltage
10 log
Signalpower
Noisepower
Sources of Noise
NOISE
SOURCE
CONDUCTIVE
CAPACITIVE
INDUCTIVE
RADIATIVE
COUPLING CHANNEL
AC POWER LINES
COMPUTERS
DIGITAL LINES
RECEIVER
(SIGNAL
CIRCUIT)
TRANSDUCER
SIGNAL CABLES
MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT
Filters
Instrumentation engineers use filters to reject
unwanted signals (noise) and leave only the desired
signals
Filters are classified by the frequencies they accept
or reject
Filters are a key part of signal conditioning in any
instrumentation and data acquisition system
Here we just want to understand the idea that we
can filter signals to remove signal content of
undesired frequencies
Types of Filters
Type
Ideal Transfer as a
function of
frequency (|H(f)|)
Lowpass
1
1
0
Bandpass
Band Reject
or Notch
f1
f2
1
0
Removing DC or low
frequency drift, edge
detection or
enhancement
Tuning in a frequency on
a radio receiver,
separating a subcarrier
Removing a particular
noise like power line
hum at 60 hz
fc
1
0
Example Use
fc
Highpass
Description
f1
f2
Noise
contaminated
signal
Signal
after
LowPass
Filter
Unit Ramp
Amplitude
Unit Step
Amplitude
Time Domain
Representation
Amplitude
Type of Input
Description
Example
Instantaneous
application and
removal of
input
A hammer strike
on a structure, a
high speed
electrical signal
Instantaneous
application of
signal which
remains
Power on of
equipment.
Application of
weight on a
structure
Continuously
increasing
input
Fluid level of a
tank
Time
1
Time
1
Time
1
where is the time constantof the system
a
t
(1 eat ) X 0 K 1 exp
vx (t )
X 0K
a
v
(
2
a
)
v
a
Kx(t )
x
equal roots)
x
x
Overdamped (unequal
real roots)
v x v x (a b) vx ab Kx(t )
These three cases are
damping _ factor ( zeta )
represented by the
corresponding ordinary
n natural _ frequency (rad / sec)
differential equation
kA
KX 0
1
nt
2
vx (t ) 2 1
e
sin n 1 t (underdamped)
2
n
1
1 2
where tan
KX 0
vx (t ) 2 1 e at ateat (critically damped)
a
KX 0
1
at
bt
vx (t )
1
(
be
ae
) (overdamped, b a)
ab b a
Underdamped
Critically damped
Overdamped