DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF

HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

GUIDED BY:
Prof. Dr. B. S. GAWALI

SEMINAR BY:
SAGAR S. MORE
ROLL NO.-13

INTRODUCTION
Wind turbines are renewable energy devices that convert wind
energy to electricity via mechanical energy
Two types namely horizontal axis (HAWT) and vertical axis
(VAWT) wind turbines.
Various design methods viz. Momentum Theory and Blade
Element Theory
CFD can be used as analysis tool

WHY HORZONTAL AXIS WIND

TURBINE??

1. The rotor solidity of an HAWT (and hence total blade mass relative
to swept area) is lower when the rotor axis is horizontal (at a given
design tip speed ratio). This tends to keep costs lower on a per kW
basis.
2. The average height of the rotor swept area can be higher above the
ground. This tends to increase productivity on a per kW basis.

PRESENT THEORIES AND

PRACTICES:
Blade Element Theory

OBJECTIVES
To design blade of horizontal axis wind turbine
(HAWT).
Manufacture HWAT blade
Installation of experimental setup and carry out
experimentation.
Validation of CFD results using experimentation

PROPOSED WORK
Literature survey
Theoretical study of horizontal axis wind turbine blade design
methods.
Blade design calculations.
Manufacturing of HAWT
Experimental study of HAWT.
CFD simulation of HAWT.
Check validity of CFD simulation result with experimental
results.
Report writing.

FORCES ON AIRFOIL
The resultant aerodynamic force acts at the
Center of Pressure (c.p.), about which the
moment is zero.

AIRFOIL NOMENCLATURE

Mean camber line: locus of points halfway between upper

surface and lower surface
Chord line: line joining leading edge & trailing edge
Chord: distance between leading edge & trailing edge
Thickness: distance between upper & lower surface measured
perpendicular to chord
Camber: maximum distance between mean camber line and
chord
At leading edge circular shape with radius 0.02c

4 digit series airfoil:

1 st digit: max camber in 100 th of chord

2 nd digit: location of max camber along the chord from leading edge in 10
th of chord
Last two digits: max thickness in 100 th of chord
Eg. Airfoil 4418 means,
Maximum camber is 0.04c, at distance 0.4c from leading edge and
maximum thickness is 0.18c

One-dimensional Momentum Theory and the

Betz Limit

Fig. Actuator disc model of a wind turbine; U, mean air velocity; 1, 2, 3, and 4
indicate locations
In order to calculate the maximum theoretical efficiency of a thin rotor one imagines it to be
replaced by a disc that withdraws energy from the fluid passing through it. At a certain
distance behind this disc the fluid that has passed through flows with a reduced velocity.

(p1= p4)
&
(U2= U3)

Fig. An energy extracting actuator disc and stream-tube

Assumptions:
Homogenous, incompressible, steady state fluid flow;
. No frictional drag;
. An infinite number of blades;
. Uniform thrust over the disc or rotor area;
. A nonrotating wake;
. The static pressure far upstream and far downstream of the rotor is equal to the undisturbed
ambient static pressure

 Applying the conservation of linear momentum to the control volume enclosing the whole
system, one can find the net force on the contents of the control volume.
thrust is equal and opposite to the rate of change of momentum of the air stream

2
Bernoulli function can be used in the two control volumes on either side of
the actuator disc.
In the stream tube upstream of the disc:
3

In the stream tube downstream of the disc

4
it is assumed that the far upstream and far downstream pressures are equal
(p1= p4)
and
that the
velocity
the disc
remains
the of
same
2= U3on
). each side of
The thrust
can
also beacross
expressed
as the
net sum
the (U
forces
the actuator disc:
5
If one solves for (p2 p3) using Equations (3) and (4) and substitutes that
into
Equation (5), one obtains
6
Equating the thrust values from Equations (2) and (6) and recognizing that
the mass flow
rate is also
, one obtains:
7
Thus, the wind velocity at the rotor plane, using this simple model, is the
average of the

 If one defines the axial induction factor, a, as the fractional decrease in wind velocity between
the free stream and the rotor plane, then

10

quantity U1a is often referred to as the induced velocity at the

rotor
The power out, P, is equal to the thrust times the velocity at the disc
11

Substituting for U2 and U4 from Equations (9) and (10) gives:

12

where the control volume area at the rotor, A2, is replaced by A, the rotor
area, and the free
stream velocity U1 is replaced by U.

 Wind turbine rotor performance is usually characterized by its power coefficient,C P:

1
3

1
4
The maximum CP is determined by taking the derivative of the power
coefficient (Equation (14)) with respect to a and setting it equal to zero,
yielding a=1/3. Thus:
CP;max = 16/27 = 0.5926
1
5
thrust on a wind turbine can be characterized by a non-dimensional thrust
coefficient:
1
6

Fig. Operating parameters for a Betz turbine; U, velocity of undisturbed air;

U4, air velocity behind the rotor; CP, power coefficient; CT , thrust coefficient.
In practice, three effects lead to a decrease in the maximum achievable
power coefficient:
rotation of the wake behind the rotor;
finite number of blades and associated tip losses;
non-zero aerodynamic drag.

Ideal Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine with Wake

Rotation

In the case of a rotating wind turbine rotor, the flow behind the rotor rotates in the opposite
direction to the rotor, in reaction to the torque exerted by the flow on the rotor.

Fig. Stream tube model of flow behind rotating wind turbine blade.

Fig. Geometry for rotor analysis; U, velocity of undisturbed air; a, induction factor; r, radius
The generation of rotational kinetic energy in the wake results in less energy extraction by the
rotor than would be expected without wake rotation
If it is assumed that the angular velocity imparted to the flow stream, , is small compared to
the angular velocity,, of the wind turbine rotor, then it can also be assumed that the pressure in
the far wake is equal to the pressure in the free stream
The analysis that follows is based on the use of an annular stream tube with a radius r and a
thickness dr, resulting in a cross-sectional area equal to 2rdr

So for a small element the corresponding torque will be

For the rotating annular element

Define angular induction factor a:

V2 =V(1a) so:

Blade Element Momentum Theory

Blade element momentum theory is developed by combination of momentum
theory and blade element theory
1.
2.

Momentum Theory
i. Axial Force
ii. Rotating Annular Stream tube
Blade Element Theory
i. Relative Flow
ii. Blade Elements

Momentum Theory
Axial
Force

Figure : Axial Stream tube around a Wind Turbine

Rotating Annular Streamtube

Figure 4: The Blade Element Model

Relative
Flow

The average rotational flow over the blade due to wake rotation is
therefore w/2. The blade is rotating with speed W. The average tangential
velocity
that the blade experiences is therefore

V2 =V1(1a) and so:

local tip speed ratio r is defined as:

Blade Elements

where dL and dD are the lift and drag forces on the blade element
respectively. dL and dD can be found from the definition of the lift and drag
coefficients as follows:

If there are B blades,

The Torque on an element, dT is simply the tangential force multiplied by the

radius.

where is called the local solidity and is defined as

Tip Loss Correction

BLADE DESIGN
Airfoils commonly used in wind turbine blades are NACA 44xx and NACA
230xx series due to maximum lift coefficients, low pitching moment, and
minimum drag. For the present study, NACA 4418 airfoil section has been
used. The aerodynamic characteristic of NACA 4418 is given below:
Maximum lift coefficient CLmax of 1.797 which corresponds to critical
angle of attack (stall point) of 15
Zero-lift angle of attack of -4
Maximum lift to drag ratio or glide ratio (C L / CD)max of 44.447 which
corresponds to angle of attack of 6.5 and lift coefficient of 1.209 (where
CL is the lift coefficient and CD is the drag coefficient)
The blade was twisted in such a way that angle of attack remains
constant at all sections. The angle of attack of the blade at each section
corresponds to a maximum value of (C L/ CD). The angle of attack
corresponding to (CL / CD) maximum (6.5) is chosen as design angle of
attack

Figure .Schematic representations of blade elements and blade

geometry for analysis
Vrel = Relative wind velocity
p = Section pitch angle
= Angle of attack
r = Angle of relative wind
dL = Lift force
dD = Drag force
dN = Normal force
DT = Tangential force
DQ = Torque

Blade geometry for analysis Blade twist (T) is given by

p is the blade pitch angle and p,0 is the blade pitch angle at the tip. p can
be obtained from

Sr.
No
1

Radius (r)
mm
30

Chord(C)

Twist angle () w.r.t. tail in degrees

44.462

31.874

55

41.164

20.572

80

33.998

13.865

105

28.097

9.669

130

23.673

6.858

155

20.347

4.863

180

17.793

3.382

205

15.785

2.242

230

14.171

1.338

10

255

12.849

0.606

11

280

11.747

0.000

CAD modeling:
1. Calculation of chord and twist angle distribution of blade at various radii
using BEM method described earlier. These were used as input parameters

i.
Airfoil coordinates of 4418
Upper surface
% of chord
station
ordinate

Lower surface
% of chord
station
ordinate

0
1.25
2.5
5
7.5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
95
100

100
95
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
25
20
15
10
7.5
5
2.5
1.25
0

0
3.76
5
6.75
8.06
9.11
10.66
11.72
12.4
12.76
12.7
11.85
10.44
8.55
6.22
3.46
1.89
0

0
-0.55
-0.93
-1.67
-2.45
-3.24
-4.02
-4.7
-5.26
-5.49
-5.56
-5.49
-5.06
-4.67
-4.06
-2.99
-2.11
0

Calculation of chord and twist

angle distribution of blade at
various radii using BEM method
described earlier. These were used
as input parameters in excel
datasheet.

ii. Airfoil co-ordinates for 4418

airfoil were obtained in terms of
percentage of chord length.
Let [A] be the 11*3 matrix of airfoil
co-ordinates.
iii. Then Airfoil co-ordinates for
different chord lengths were
calculated by multiplying co-ordinates
in per cent of chord by chord length.
[B]= [A]*c
Where c is chord length calculated
from BEM method

iv. These co-ordinates are translated by distance 0.25*c in x

direction so that origin is at aerodynamic center of airfoil.
0.25*c 0 0
0.25c* 0 0
[C]=[B] - .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.25*c 0 0
v. Final co-ordinates with calculated twist angle were obtained
by multiplying co-ordinates with rotation matrix.
cos(-) sin(-)
0
[D]=[C] * -sin(-) cos(-) 0
0
0
1
Where is twist angle for that airfoil.
vi. Then using Macro commands in Microsoft excel and
generative shape design feature of catia, blade geometry was
generated automatically in Catia.

power output Estimation

R=280 mm=0.28 m
rh=30 mm= 0.03 m

Power delivered by wind (Pw);

Ideal the power output of the wind turbine in watts (P i)
considering Betz limit;
Pi=0.59259*Pw
The power output of the wind turbine in watts (P) is given by;
Assuming Cp =0.3
P=0.3*Pw

Graph of power Vs wind

velocity
160.000

140.000

120.000

100.000
PW

80.000

Pi
P

60.000

40.000

20.000

0.000
1

10

BLADE

DIE

CFD SIMULATION

Work Activity
Problem Identification
Literature survey
Survey.
HAWT Blade design calculations

Manufacturing of HAWT

Experimental study of HAWT

CFD simulation of HAWT

Validation of CFD simulation
result
Report writing

July Aug Sep Oct

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June

REFERENCES
1 J. F. Manwell, J. G. McGowan, "Wind energy Explained", second edition,
John Wiley and Sons, 2011.
2 Tony Burton, Nick Jenkins, David Sharpe, Ervin Bossanyi, "Wind Energy
Handbook", second edition.
3 Koki Kishinamia, Hiroshi Taniguchib, Jun Suzukia, Hiroshi Ibanoc,
Takashi Kazunoud, Masato Turuhamie, "Theoretical and experimental
study on the aerodynamic characteristics of a horizontal axis wind turbine
", Energy, 2005
4 M. Keerthana, M. Sriramkrishnan,T. Velayutham, A. Abraham, S. Selvi
Rajan, K. M. Parammasivam "Aerodynamic analysis of a small horizontal
axis wind turbine using CFD", Journal of wind and engineering, vol. 9,No.
2,july 2012,pp 14-28
5 Fei-Bin Hsiao, Chi-Jeng Bai and Wen-Tong Chong'', "The Performance
Test of Three Different Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) Blade
Shapes Using Experimental And Numerical Methods" , Energies 2013, 6,
2784-2803