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The cell

By Holly B.
Thompson

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

Bacteria a type of
prokaryote

Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and have very few


distinguishable internal structures when observed with microscopes are
prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells comprise the smallest single-celled
organisms, bacteria.

Shown here are


cyanobacteria which
are good examples of
autotrophs, because
they carry out
photosynthesis and
produces their own
food.
Back to The Cell

Shown here is a species of Salmonella,


which must consume organic
compounds and therefore is a
heterotroph. Notice the numerous
flagella that enable Salmonella to move
through the intestines of animals, where
they cause the food borne illness
salmonellosis.

Protist Cell

Pictured here are Spirogyra a type of protist found in pond


water.

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Picture of cells eating other


cells
(eukaryotic heterotrophs)

Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane bound
nucleus and many internal membranous
structures

Protist Cell
Animal Cell
Plant Cell

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Cell

Cells Eating Cells


An amoeba, a singlecelled organism
lacking internal
organs, is shown
approaching a much
smaller paramecium,
which it begins to
engulf with large
outflowings of its
cytoplasm, called
pseudopodia. Once
the paramecium is
completely engulfed,
a primitive digestive
cavity, called a
vacuole, forms
around it. In the
vacuole, enzymes
break the
paramecium down
into chemicals that
Back to eukaryotic cell
the amoeba can
diffuse back into its
cytoplasm
for
[1]"Amoeba
Engulfing a Paramecium,"
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000. 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Animal Cell
microtubles
mitochondria
centriole
s

chromatin

nucleus

nuclear envelope
nuclear pore
nucleolus
Golgi apparat
us
lysosome

vacuo
le
cytopl
asm

flagellum

Cell membrane
Rough endop
lasmic reti
Ribosome
culum
s

Smooth endo
plasmic ret
iculum
Back to eukaryotic
cell

Nucleus

The nucleus is the headquarter of the cell. It regulates all cell activity.
It consists of a nuclear envelope, (the outer membrane) and
nucleoplasm. The nucleoplasm is located in the nucleus and is
similar to the cytoplasm in the cell. In the nucleoplasm you can see
chromatin and the nucleolus.
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Photograph of nucl
eus

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cell

Cross section of Nucleus


ribosome
s
nucleolus

Nuclear por
e

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Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
(this is outside of
the nucleus)
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cell

Nucleolus
nucleolus
The nucleolus
appears as a
dark spot within
the nucleus.
Three types of
RNA. are
synthesized
here.

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cell

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cell

Nuclear Envelope
The nuclear envelope is a
double membrane with four
phospholipid layers (a double
bi-layer!). It has large pores
through which small
materials, like RNA, pass in
and out of the nucleus.

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cell

Photograph of ce
ll

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cell

Nucleus photograph
Endoplasmic reticulu
m
nucleolus

Nuclear envelope

vacuole
http://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/cb/org/nucleus-em.gif

Back to animal
cell

Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus is a series of
smooth, stacked membranous
sacs. The Golgi apparatus
modifies proteins after they are
produced by the ribosomes
atached to RER.
It is also responsible for
packaging proteins for export.
These sacs of proteins are
squeezed off and drift off through
the cytoplasm. A vesicle from the
golgi apparatus can fuse with the
cell membrane and excrete the
contents out of the cell
(exocytosis).

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cell

Photograph of
golgi apparatu
s

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cell

Photograph of Golgi
Apparatus

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cell

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cell

Lysosome
Lysosomes are produced by the
golgi apparatus. They consist of a
single membrane surrounding
powerful digestive enzymes that
further break down food particles,
bacteria, and cellular debris.

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cell

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cell

Cell membrane
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a
cell membrane. Their main function is to
monitor what goes in and out of the cell.
The cell membrane is the thin nearly
invisible structure that surrounds the
cytoplasm of the cell and separates the cell
from neighboring cells or from the external
environment. It is a continuous
phsopholipid bilayer that completely
surrounds the cell.

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cell

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cell

Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is a
series of double membranes
that fill the cytoplasm and loop
back and forth between the
cell membrane and the nucleus.
The function of the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum is to
transport lipids and
carbohydrates through the cell.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
are different from
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
because smooth endoplasmic
reticulum have no ribsosomes.

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cell

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cell

Rough endoplasmic
reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum are a


series of double membranes that fill
the cytoplasm and loop back and
forth between the cell membrane
and the nucleus. The rough
endoplasmic reticulum moves
protein through the cell. Rough
endoplasmic reticulum are different
from smooth endoplasmic reticulum
because they have ribsosomes.

Small dark structures


called ribosomes are
found on the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
The ribsosomes are
also found floating free
in the cytoplasm.
Ribsosomes are the
site of protein
synthesis.
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cell

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cell

Ribosomes

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cell

Ribosomes exist floating


freely in the cytoplasm, and
also bound to the
endoplasmic reticulum.
They are the site of protein
synthesis from amino acids.
The unattached
ribsosomes create proteins
for the cells own use and
the attached ribosomes
produce proteins for the cell
to export. The
rough endoplasmic reticulu
m
gets its texture from the
ribsosomes located on its
surface. Ribosomes look
like black dots through an
electron microscope. They
Back to
plant
are made of protein
and
cell
rRNA.

Cytoplasm
The term cytoplasm refers to everything
between the cell membrane and the
nuclear envelope. It consists of primarily
of water and contains various
organelles.
Even though it is left out of many
photos, the cytoplasm, with its jelly-like
structure, helps to maintain the cell's
shape and anchors many organelles in
place.

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cell

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cell

Microtubles
Microtubules are often
used by cells to hold their
shape. Microtubules are
also the major component
of cilia and flagella. The
microfiliaments that are
one third the size of
microtubles, help the cell
to change or maintain its
shape.

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cell

Mitochondria

Matriks
Krista

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cell

The mitochondrion are responsible


for the conversion of food energy into
a form called ATP. They are
important because they are the site
of aerobic respiration.
There is an outer and inner
membrane. Most of the key
processes of aerobic respiration
occur by creating concentration
differences across
its inner
Back to plant
membrane.
cell

Cilia and flagelum


Cilia and flagelum are hair like
extensions off of the cell membrane.
They are made from specialized
microtubules. Cilia are tiny brush like
hairs and tends to be small and
numerous. Flagella are large and fewer
and are slender, whip like and move the
cell or about the cell in a fluid
environment.

Pictured here is the fallopian


tube of a cow. Cilia help to
move the egg along the tube
to the uterus.
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cell

Centrioles
Centrioles are only found in animal
cells and they assist chromosome
movement during cell division.
Most other cells do not contain
centrioles.

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cell

Back to plant cell

Vacuole

http://www.biols.susx.ac.uk/Home/Julian_Thorpe/vacuole.htm

Back to animal
cell

Vacuoles are large empty appearing


areas found in the cytoplasm. They are
usually found in plant cells where they
store water and are much larger in size.
In animal cells they are smaller. As a
plant cell ages they get larger. They
provide turgor (water pressure) in the
plant cell and in mature cells they
occupy most of the cytoplasm.
Especially in the protist kingdom,
some cells contain vacuoles that
are specialized to store food (food
vacuoles), or squirt out excesss
water (contractile vacuoles),
Back to plant
cell

Plant Cell
lysoso
sme
Golgi app
aratus

nuclear pore
nuclear memb nucleus
rane
nucleolus
ribsosome
chloropla
st

rough endopla
smic reticulu
m
smooth endopla
smic reticulum

cell wall

vacuole
cytopla
sm

cell
membrane
More on Plant
Cell

mitochond
ria
Back to eukaryotic
cell

Cell Wall
Cell walls made of
cellulose are found in
plant cells. They are the
rigid structure found
surrounding the cell and
they provide support for
the plant.

Cell walls are also found in


fungi cells, but they are made
of a hard substance called
chitin.

Bacteria can be classified


according to how thick and
impermeable their cell walls are.
They are made of
peptidoglycan.

In the Protist Kingdom, some


cells contain cell walls made of
a variety of substances, even
a glass-like silica!
Back to plant
cell

Chloroplast
The Chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis.
It is here that plant (and Protist) cells trap the
energy of light and use it to manufacture food
sugars for the cell. Plastids are large
membranous organelles found in plants and
some protists but not in animals or fungi.
They can easily be seen through a light
microscope.
Chloroplasts represent one group of plastids
called chromoplasts (colored plastids). Many
plants contain other colored chromosplasts as
well, hence there are many very colorful
plants! The other class of plastid are called
leucoplasts (colorless plastids); they usually
store starch molecules.
Back to plant
cell

Plant Cell
Plant cells when observed through
a microscope appear more defined
than animal cells. They have a
more square or hexagonal
appearance. This is due to the
cell wall present outside of the cell
membrane. Animal cells only
have a cell membrane. Another
difference between plant and
animal cells is that plant cells
dont have centrioles. A plant cell
has many chloroplasts and they
use them to make food from sun
light energy.
Back to plant
cell

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