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1/17/15

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CS Call Drop Problem
Analysis
2011-10-26
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Content

Call Drop Counters and Signaling Analysis

Types of Call Drops
Timers Related to Call Drops
Procedure for Locating Call Drops
Troubleshooting Procedure
Discussion

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Call Drop Counters and Signaling

Analysis

ZTR304A:
Call Drop Rate on TCH per cell(Excluding Handover) = [Call Drops on Traffic Channel] x {100}/([Successful
TCH Seizures (Traffic Channel)] + [Number of Successful Incoming Internal Inter-Cell Handovers] +
[Successful Incoming External Inter-Cell Handovers] - [Number of Successful Outgoing Internal Inter-Cell
Handovers] - [Successful Outgoing External Inter-Cell Handovers])

ZTR304:
Call Drop Rate on TCH per cell(including Handover) = [Call Drops on Traffic Channel] * {100}/([Successful
TCH Seizures (Signaling Channel)] + [Successful TCH Seizures (Traffic Channel)] + [Successful TCH Seizures
in TCH handovers (Traffic Channel)])

Call Drop Rate on TCH per cell(Excluding Handover) indicates the call drop rate in the stable state. With
regard to the formulas for calculating the two counters, the numerators in both formulas are the same,
except that Successful TCH Seizures in TCH handovers (Traffic Channel) is included in the denominator of
ZTR304:Call Drop Rate on TCH per cell(including Handover) but not in the denominator of ZTR304A:Call Drop
Rate on TCH per cell(Excluding Handover). Therefore, the value of the former is smaller than that of the
latter.

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Types of Call Drops

1 CM33C:Call Drops on Radio Interface (Traffic Channel) indicates call drops due to poor Um interface quality, which is
the most common cause of call drops on a network. CM333:Call Drops due to Abis Terrestrial Link Failure (Traffic
Channel) and CM334:Call Drops due to Equipment Failure (Traffic Channel) indicate call drops due to transmission
and equipment faults, respectively. Pay attention to these two counters if their values are large.
2 In the stable state, focus on CM3300:Call Drops on Traffic Channel in Stable State (Error Indication) and CM3301:Call
Drops on Traffic Channel in Stable State (Connection Failure). Generally, call drops in the stable state as indicated by
CM3301:Call Drops on Traffic Channel in Stable State (Connection Failure) account for the largest proportion of call
drops due to poor Um interface quality.
3 In the handover state, focus on H3127Ca:Number of Unsuccessful Outgoing Internal Inter-Cell Handovers (Timer
Expired) (TCHF) (Traffic Channel) and H3128Ca:Number of Unsuccessful Outgoing Internal Inter-Cell Handovers
(Timer Expired) (TCHH) (Traffic Channel) because inter-cell handovers account for a large proportion.

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Timers Related to Call Drops

MSC Timers
T305 T306 T308 T338
The MSC uses the timers T305, T306, and T338 to monitor on-hook procedures. T308 is used to monitor the
resource release procedure. All of these timers must be set during BSC data configuration. If any is set to an
invalid value or too large a value, the MSC takes a long time to clear a call after the subscriber hangs up. Then,
timers such as Radio Link Timeout and T3103 on the BSC side expire, and the call is measured as dropped, and the
call drop rate increases.
Terminate Short Message Timer
This timer prevents the MSC from repeatedly sending a short message. If this timer is set to too large a value, the
MSC does not clear any short messages received during a link release. Instead, the MS sends a release message to
the BTS, which then sends a Release Indication message to the BSC. The BSC then sends the MSC a Clear Request
message, requesting the MSC to release the call. As a result, the call drop rate increases.
T310
The MSC uses this timer to monitor incoming calls. The MSC starts this timer upon receiving a Call Confirm
message and stops it upon receiving an Alerting, Connect, or Disconnect message. If this timer is set to too large a
value, the value of the timer SACCH Multi-Frames or Radio Link Timeout on the BSS side may decrease to 0 in
a poor radio environment. As a result, the MSC releases the call and the call drop rate increases.
T313
The MSC uses this timer to monitor the call connection procedure. The MSC starts this timer upon sending a
Connect message and stops it upon receiving a Connect ACK message. If the MSC does not receive a Connect ACK
message before the timer expires, the MSC clears the call. If this timer is set to too large a value, the BSS sends a
Clear Request message to the MSC after the value of the timer SACCH Multi-Frames or Radio Link Timeout on
the BSS side decreases to 0 in the following scenario: The MSC sends the BSS a Connect message and waits for a
Connect ACK message, but the BSS does not receive the Connect message in a poor radio environment or cannot
correctly decode the message. As a result, the call is dropped and the call drop rate increases.

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Timers Related to Call Drops

T301
This timer specifies the period during which a phone is ringing. The MSC starts this timer upon receiving an
Alerting message and stops it upon receiving a Connect or Disconnect message. If this timer expires before the
MSC receives either message, the MSC sends the calling MS a Disconnect message containing the cause value
#19 user alerting, no answer, instructing the calling MS to clear the current call. In addition, the MSC sends the
called MS a Disconnect message, containing the cause value #102 recovery on timer expiry or cause value
#31 normal, unspecified, instructing the called MS to clear the current call. If this timer is set to too large a
value, the BSC sends the MSC a Clear Request message before this timer expires due to poor radio
environment or link failures, requesting the MSC to release the current call. As a result, the call drop rate
increases.
T303
The MSC uses this timer to wait for a mobility management (MM) connection. The MSC starts this timer upon
sending a SETUP message and stops it upon receiving a Call Confirm or Release Complete message. If this
timer expires before the MSC receives either message, the MSC clears the current call. If this timer is set to too
large a value, the BSS sends the MSC a Clear Request message after the value of the timer SACCH MultiFrames or Radio Link Timeout on the BSS side decreases to 0 in a poor radio environment. As a result, the
call is dropped and the call drop rate increases.
Short Message ACK Timer

The MSC starts this timer when the network side sends a short message to an MS. If the MS
does not respond with a CP_ACK message before the timer expires, the MSC sends the BSC a
Clear Command message, instructing the BSC to release radio resources. If this timer is set to
too large a value, the MSC does not release the current call or clear terrestrial resources and TCH
resources over the Um interface after the Disconnect message is issued. Because the MS does
not receive a short message from the network, the MS sends the BTS a Disconnect message,
requesting the BTS to release layer-2 links. In this case, the BTS sends a Release Indication to the
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BSC, and then the BSC sends a Clear Request message to release the current call. As a result,

Timers Related to Call Drops

BSC Timers
T3103 Series
Handover completion message timers consist of T3103A, T3103C, and T8. If any of these timers is set to a
small value, the BSC may receive no message after timers T3103A and T3103C expire. Therefore, the BSC
assumes that a radio link fails in the source cell. Then, the BSC releases channels in the source cell. As a result,
call drops occur. If the value of CM331:Call Drops on Radio Interface in Handover State (Traffic Channel) is large,
set this parameter to a large value. A large value, however, may lead to TCH congestion.
T3109
This parameter specifies the period during which a BSC waits for a Release Indication message after issuing a
Channel Release message. If this parameter is set to a small value, the BSC may release the link before
receiving a Release Indication message, resulting a call drop. To reduce the call drop rate, set this parameter to
a value 2s longer than the value of Radio Link Timeout.
T3111
This parameter specifies the period during which channel deactivation is delayed when the main signaling link
is disconnected. Delaying channel deactivation allows for a period of time for link reconnection. If this
parameter is set to a small value, a channel may be deactivated before the link has had a chance to reconnect,
resulting a call drop.

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Procedure for Locating Call Drops

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Procedure for Locating Call Drops

Call Drops on Um Interface in the Stable State
When a call is in the stable state, call drops may occur after a BTS sends the BSC one of the following
messages:
ERROR INDICATION
1. When the BTS sends an I frame, the timer T200 starts. If the BTS does not receive an acknowledgment
message from the BSC before the timer expires, it resends the I frame for a maximum of 200 times. If the
BTS still does not receive an acknowledgment message, the BTS sends the BSC an ERROR INDICATION
message with a cause value of timer T200 expired (N200+1) times (0x01).
2. If the BTS detects that the serial numbers of the received I and S frames are out of order, it sends the
BSC an ERROR INDICATION message with a cause value of sequence error (0x07).
3. When the BTS receives an unexpected DM frame, the BTS sends the BSC an ERROR INDICATION with a
cause value of unsolicited DM response (0x05).
4. The call drops indicated by the ERROR INDICATION message are generally caused by interference or
coverage problems, though they may also be caused by inappropriate antenna installation, TRX faults, or
incorrect data configurations.
CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION
1. If the BTS detects that uplink SACCH decoding fails repeatedly within the value specified by SACCH
Multi-Frames, the BTS sends a CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION message to the BSC.
2. The call drops indicated by the ERROR INDICATION message are generally caused by interference or
coverage problems, though they may also be caused by inappropriate antenna installation, TRX faults, or
incorrect data configurations.
REL IND
1.In the multi-frame link establishment state, when receiving a DISC frame from an MS, the BTS sends a
RELEASE INDICATION message to the BSC.
2.The RELEASE INDICATION message is sent during normal release procedures. Therefore, it does not
always indicate a call drop. Call drops indicated by the RELEASE INDICATION message seldom occur. They
may be caused by inappropriate signaling interaction problems between the MS and the BSS/NSS, not by
poor
Um interface
quality.CO., LTD.
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Procedure for Locating Call Drops

Call Drops on Um Interface in the Handover State
This type of call drop occurs after a BSC delivers a handover command but does not receive an
acknowledgment message before the relevant timer expires.
Intra-cell handovers
When Intracell HO Allowed is set to YES(YES) by using the MML command SET GCELLHOBASIC,
an interference handover or bad quality handover can be performed. However, if the signal level of the
neighboring cell is low, a large number of intra-cell handovers may increase the call drop rate.
Inter-cell handovers
Call drops during inter-cell handovers are generally caused by interference or coverage problems,
though they may also be caused by inappropriate antenna installation, TRX faults, incorrect neighboring
cell configurations, or a large clock frequency offset.
Inter-BSC handovers
The causes of call drops during inter-BSC handovers are similar to those of intra-BSC handovers. The
main causes are as follows:
(1) The neighboring relationship configured on the BSS is inconsistent with that configured on the NSS;
(2) The clock frequency offset is large. These two factors should also be considered for call drops during
inter-RAT handovers.

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Procedure for Locating Call Drops

Drops Due to No Measurement Report Submitted by the MS

This type of call drop seldom occurs. If a large number of call drops occur because the BSC does not
receive any measurement reports from an MS within a specified period (five minutes by default), an
exception occurs in the interaction between the BSS and the MS. In this case, check the configuration
data related to measurement reports as well as the signaling interaction between the BSS and the MS.
For example, check whether the BTS can decode the extended measurement reports submitted by the
MS.

Call Drops Due to Abis Terrestrial Link Faults

This type of call drop seldom occurs. If there are a large number of such call drops, the BSC detects that
radio signaling links (RSLs) are interrupted because the Abis transmission or the BSC/BTS LAPD link
transmission is faulty. In this case, check the relevant alarms, Abis transmission, and BSC/BTS LAPD link
transmission.

Call Drops Due to Equipment Faults

This type of call drop occurs in cases of abnormal transmission, BSS hardware faults, or incorrect data
configurations. It may also occur in cases of dynamic data configuration (such as frequency modification
or cell deletion) or internal BSC network connection failures. When this type of call drop occurs, check
the relevant alarms, Abis/Ater/A interface transmission, TRX boards, and BSC DPU/TNU/interface board.

Call Drops Due to Forced Handovers

This type of call drop may occur during handovers triggered by dynamic channel adjustment. This type
of call drop may also occur when MSC-triggered handovers or handovers triggered by the following
causes time out: TRX cooperation, channel preemption, cell/TRX/channel blocking, or OM. Dynamic
channel adjustment, TRX cooperation, and channel preemption are the most common causes. If there
are a large number of such call drops, check whether the data configuration is correct and whether TRXs
become faulty frequently.

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Troubleshooting Procedure
Scenario 1 Troubleshooting Call Drops Due to Transmission Faults
Symptom
1 Generally, Abis interface transmission faults may lead to an increase in the value of CM333:Call
Drops due to Abis Terrestrial Link Failure (Traffic Channel), and the Ater/A interface transmission faults
may lead to an increase in the value of CM334:Call Drops due to Equipment Failure (Traffic Channel).
2 Abis/Ater/A transmission link instability may increase the call drop rate. Check the relevant
alarms to determine the link transmission status.
Possible Causes
The relevant BSC alarms are as follows:

ALM-21807 OML Fault

ALM-4102 TRX LAPD Link Interrupt Alarm
ALM-2114 TRX LAPD Link Interrupt Alarm
ALM-3052 LAPD alarm
ALM-3572 LAPD alarm
E1/T1 Transmission Alarms (ALM-21201 to ALM-21209)
Optical Interface Transmission Alarms (ALM-21251 to ALM-21291)
ALM-21311 MSP Multiplex Section K1/K2 Mismatch~ALM-21313 MSP Port Protection Mode Mismatch
Procedure
SS7 Signaling
Alarms in
(ALM-21501
ALM-21506)
More detailed
information
BSC6900to
GSM
Alarm Reference.
ALM-21511 LAPD Link Congestion~ALM-21512 LAPD Link Fault

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Troubleshooting Procedure
Scenario 2 Troubleshooting Call Drops Due to Equipment Faults
Symptom
1 On the BSC side, call drops due to BSC hardware faults, abnormal internal software processing, or
configuration errors are considered as call drops due to equipment faults. These call drops are indicated by the
cause value equipment failure (0x20) carried in the CLEAR REQ message in the base station subsystem
application part (BSSAP) messages traced on the A interface.
CM334:Call Drops due to Equipment Failure (Traffic Channel) indicates the number of call drops due to
equipment faults on the BSC side.
2 Call drops due to BTS hardware faults are also considered as call drops due to equipment faults.
Possible Causes

Call drops due to faults in the MSC

Call drops due to BSC or BTS software defects

ALM-21807 OML Fault

Call drops due to BSC or BTS hardware faults

Call drops due to dynamic configuration ALM-2204 TRX Communication Alarm

ALM-2156 TRX VSWR Alarm

Call drops due to transmission faults

ALM-4144 TRX VSWR alarm

Call drops due to insufficient BSC resources

ALM-26529 RF Unit VSWR Threshold Crossed

ALM-3606 DRU Hardware alarm
Procedure
ALM-20241 Board Unavailable
1 Clear the alarms above by referring to the Alarm Reference.
ALM-20243 Board Hardware Fault
2 Check whether the operations, such as dynamically
deleting
cells or TRXs and modifying channel attributes are
ALM-20254
DSP Unavailable
ALM-20231
Switching
Boardsoperations
in Differentare
Subracks
performed when call drops occur. check whether
there areLink
no Between
call dropsTDM
when
the relevant
not
Faulty
performed.
ALM-20230 TDM Link Between TDM Switching Board and Service Board Fa
ulty
3 Analyze the signaling on the A interface when
call drops occur to check whether the MSC sends a large number of

Reset Circuit messages. If yes, call drops are caused by circuit resetting. Request core network (CN) engineers to
resolve the problem.

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Troubleshooting Procedure
Scenario 3 Troubleshooting Call Drops Due to Poor Um Interface
Quality
Symptom
1. Check Interference Band Measurement. If the sum rate of level4 and level5 exceed 10%, then
it can be sure that uplink interference is the main cause for the call drop problem.
2. Check Receive Quality Measurement. If the sum rate of level5, level6 and level7 exceed 20%,
then it can be sure that poor Um quality is the main cause for the call drop problem.
3. Check the Abis signal tracing, and it can be sure that interference is the main cause for the
call drop problem when receive quality is bad with great uplink and downlink receive level.
4. According to analysis of Tems signal, interference is the main problem with bad C/I and normal
downlink receive level before the call drop.
Possible Causes

Passive intermodulation interference

Co-channel interference or adjacent-channel interference

Interference from repeaters

Interference from the CDMA network

External interference
Procedure
1. Check equipment fault such as TRX, repeater and tower amplifier.
2. Check frequency configuration and eliminate co-channel interference or adjacent-channel
interference.
3. Check the interference signal quality distribution and the interference frequency by DT.
4. Check interference source with spectrum analyzer .
5. Decrease internal nterference within the system by hopping, DTX and power control
functions.

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Troubleshooting Procedure
Scenario 4 Troubleshooting Call Drops Due to Poor Coverage
Symptom
Bad coverage of cell leads to MS not able to access the network , hard to handover, poor
receiving level and quality, which finally cause call drop. Besides of high call drop rate, coverage
problem also causes low success rate of handover and high rate of uplink strength handover.
Possible Causes
1. Coverage overlap. The coverage of service cell is overlap with another cell B, and there is
handover relationship between cell B and cell A but not between the service cell and cell A. Then
the call in cell A will drop for no suitable handover target cell according to the original
configuration.
2. Obvious coverage holes in the areas.
3. Signal fading. Serious signal fading leads to call drop for too late to handover during signal
transmission.
4. Not all the neighbor cells are configured in the data configuration. Limited neighbor cells
configuration leads to keep MS staying in the current service cell and hard to start handover and
cause call drop finally.
5. Uplink-and-Downlink unbalance problem. When uplink signal strength is higher than downlink
signal strength, the downlink signal receiving level on the edge the cell is lower and easy to
cover by the other stronger signals. When downlink signal strength is higher than uplink signal
strength, MS will be kept to stay in the current service cell with bad voice quality and call drop for
too weak uplink signal strength.

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Troubleshooting Procedure
Procedure
1. Adjust the network parameters to optimize handover relationship and handover speed.
2. Build new site to cover the deficient coverage area.
3. Control the coverage scope of BTS. It can be done by adjusting BTS obliquity and antenna
height for hardware, and also decrease the max power level or enhance RXLEV ACCESS MIN and
other access parameters.
4. Check the configuration of neighbor cells.
5. Check Uplink-and-Downlink Balance Measurement with tower amplifier, antenna feeder and
couplers. Check the actual antenna direction with design direction. Uplink signal strength will be
much lower if diversity antenna connection is installed inversely.

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Troubleshooting Procedure
Scenario 5 Troubleshooting Call Drops Due to Poor Um Interface
Quality
Symptom
The call drop rate increases significantly if MSC- or BSC-level parameters are set incorrectly. If
some MSC-level parameters are set incorrectly, for example, some parameters are set to
different values before and after an MSC cutover, call drops may occur under all BSCs connected
to the MSC. In addition, if the BSC-level parameters are set incorrectly, call drops may occur in
some or all of the cells under the BSC.
Possible Causes
Timers parameters are described in Chapter Timers Related to Call Drops. Besides ,
parameters shown as follow are also important with call drop.
SACCH Multi-Frames
This parameter determines whether an uplink radio link is faulty. If the value of this parameter is
0, the BTS assumes that the uplink radio link is faulty. If the value of
M3101A:Call Drops due to CONN FAIL Received on TCHF (Traffic Channel) in Stable State (Radio Lin
k Failure)
is large, a large number of calls drop due to poor radio environment. In this case, set this
parameter to a larger value.
Radio Link Timeout
This parameter determines the time for disconnecting a call when an MS fails to decode the
messages over the SACCH. If the value of
M3101A:Call Drops due to CONN FAIL Received on TCHF (Traffic Channel) in Stable State (Radio
Link Failure)
is large, a large number of calls drop due to poor radio environment. In this case, set this
parameter to a larger value.

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Troubleshooting Procedure
TCH Traffic Busy Threshold
If the current channel usage reaches or exceeds the threshold specified by this parameter, TCHHs are
preferentially allocated to MSs that have newly accessed the network. Otherwise, TCHFs are preferentially
allocated to MSs that have newly accessed the network. Do not set this parameter to a small value during
light congestion.
Call Reestablishment Forbidden
Blind spots caused by tall buildings or abrupt interference may lead to radio link failures and call drops.
This parameter specifies whether an MS can initiate a call re-establishment procedure to re-establish a
dropped call in such a scenario. To reduce the call drop rate, set this parameter to No to allow call reestablishment.
Handover-related Parameters
If handover-related parameters are not set correctly, handovers may not be performed in time, leading to
call drops.
Power Control Parameters
If the power control level and quality thresholds are set to small values, call drops are likely to occur
because of low signal level and poor signal quality.
T200 N200
If T200 FACCH/F, T200 FACCH/H, N200 of FACCH/Full Rate, or N200 of FACCH/Half Rate is set to a small
value, the BSC may release data links before a call is terminated, resulting a call drop. If the value of
M3100A:Call Drops due to ERR IND Received on TCHF (Traffic Channel) in Stable State (T200 Expired) is
large, set T200 and N200 to large values.
MAIO
In a cell configured with frequency hopping (FH), if MAIO is set to an incorrect value, for example, if
MAIOs for different TRXs in a cell are set to the same value, frequency collision can occur during FH,
resulting call drops.

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Troubleshooting Procedure
Neighboring Relationship
If only some neighboring cells are configured in the BA2 list, no neighboring cells may be suitable for
handovers and signal levels may deteriorate, resulting in call drops.
Disconnect Handover Protect Timer
After receiving a Disconnect message from an MS, the BSC cannot hand over the MS within the period
specified by this parameter. When this parameter is not configured, after being handed over to a target
cell, an MS cannot hang up because it does not receive a release acknowledgment message, leading to
call drops. Configuring this parameter enables the MS to hang up in this scenario. Do not set this
parameter to a small value.
Directly Magnifier BTS Flag
When repeaters are installed under a BTS, set Directly Magnifier BTS Flag to Yes to prevent synchronous
handovers between cells under the same BTS.
Minimum Access RXLEV
This parameter specifies the minimum receive level for an MS to access the BSS. If this parameter is set
to a small value, some MSs with low signal levels may attempt to access the network and call drops are
likely to occur. To reduce the call drop rate, set this parameter to a large value. A large value, however,
may affect the call setup success rate and traffic volume.
CS RACH Min. Access Level
This parameter specifies the signal level threshold for an MS to access the network over the RACH. If this
parameter is set to a small value, some MSs with low signal levels may attempt to access the network
and call drops are likely to occur. To reduce the call drop rate, set this parameter to a large value. A large
value, however, may decrease the call setup success rate and paging success rate.

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Troubleshooting Procedure
Procedure
1. View the traffic statistics and operation logs to check whether the call drop rate
significantly increases when an MSC cutover is performed or when the related
parameters are modified on the MSC or the BSC.
2. Check whether an MSC cutover is performed. Ensure that the parameters are set to
the same values.
3. Check whether related parameter settings were modified on the MSC. View the
parameter description to check whether parameter setting modification may cause call
drops. If the parameter setting modification causes any call drops, undo the parameter
setting modification.
4. Check whether any of the relevant parameter settings are modified on the BSC.
View the parameter description to check whether parameter setting modification may
cause call drops. If the parameter setting modification causes any call drops, undo the
parameter setting modification.

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Discussion
Symptom
Cell B configured with TRX4~7 and cell C configured with TRX8~11 were in the
same BTS3012 site. The frequency band of the two cells was 900M. Maintenance
engineer expand the site from S4/4/4 to S6/6/6, with the new 1800M TRX installed
in the slave cabinet. After the operation, call drop rate for the two cell both
increased and cell A worked normally.

Questions
1. Please list the information you need to analyze this problem.
2 . What is the possible cause for the increasing call drop ?
3. What about he solution to this problem?

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Discussion
Symptom
There are two BTS3900 site (900M, S4/4/4) connected with the same BSC6900.
After the two sites broke Abis transmission and recovered normally, the call
drop rate counter still increased and CSSR decreased

Questions
1 . What is the possible cause for this problem, and any information you need to
support the analysis result?
2. If you think the transmission problem is the main cause, how to test and prove
it?

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Thank you
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