Telecommunication

Telecommunication
communication system is a point-to-point system composed
of two connected parties or devices that can communicate
with one another in both directions, simultaneously.
There are three types of communication:
Simplex
Half-duplex
Full- duplex

Simplex:
A pager is a wireless telecommunications device that
receives and displays numeric or text messages, or receives
and announces voice messages. One-way pagers can only

receive messages,

HALF-DUPLEX

A half-duplex (HDX) system provides communication in both directions,

but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a
party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop
transmitting, before replying (antennas are of trans-receiver type in these
devices, so as to transmit and receive the signal as well).

An example of a half-duplex system is a two-party system such as a

walkie-talkie, wherein one must use "Over" or another previously
designated command to indicate the end of transmission, and ensure that
only one party transmits at a time, because both parties transmit and
receive on the same frequency.

FULL - DUPLEX
A full-duplex (FDX), or sometimes double-duplex system, allows
communication in both directions, and, unlike half-duplex, allows this
to happen simultaneously. Land-line telephone networks are fullduplex, since they allow both callers to speak and be heard at the
same time, the transition from four to two wires being achieved by a
hybrid coil. A good analogy for a full-duplex system would be a twolane road with one lane for each direction.
In full-duplex mode, data you transmit does not appear on
yourscreenuntil it has been received and sent back by the other
party.

CELLULAR NETWORKS
Data Rates

Overview

2 Mbps

3G
(144Kbps to 2Mbps

1 Mbps
100 Kbps

2.5G
(10-150Kbps)

10 Kbps
1 Kbps

2G
(9.6Kbps)
1G
(<1Kbps)
1980

1990

2000

2010

Cellular networks: From 1G to 3G

1G: First generation wireless cellular: Early 1980s
Analog transmission, primarily speech: AMPS (Advanced
Mobile Phone Systems) and others

2G: Second generation wireless cellular: Late 1980s

Digital transmission
Primarily speech and low bit-rate data (9.6 Kbps)
High-tier: GSM, IS-95 (CDMA), etc
Low-tier (PCS): Low-cost, low-power, low-mobility e.g. PACS

2.5G: 2G evolved to medium rate (< 100kbps) data

3G: future Broadband multimedia
144 kbps - 384 kbps for high-mobility, high coverage
2 Mbps for low-mobility and low coverage

Beyond 3G: research in 4G

Cell 1

HOW TO CALLS
COMMUNICATE

Cell 2

Public
Switched
Telephone
Network
(PSTN)

Mobile
Telephone
Switching
Center
(MTSC)
HLR

Mobile User

VLR

Base Transceiver Station (BTS

Cordless connectionHLR = Home Location Register

Wired connection VLR = Visitor Location Register

Frequency Reuse
Cells with the
same number
have the same
set
of
frequencies

Frequency Spectrum
Focus On:

HF High Frequency(3-30MHz)
VHF Very High Frequency (30-300 MHz)
UHF Ultra High Frequency (300MHz - 3 GHZ)
Lower Microwave Frequencies